THE HERMENEUTICAL RECEPTION OF THE CHARACTER OF JORGE DE BURGOS IN UMBERTO ECO\u27S NOVEL "THE NAME OF THE ROSE"

U članku se analiziraju modaliteti Ecova intertekstualnog prisvajanja fikcionalne osobe J.L. Borgesa i pojedinih književnih metafora koje se razvijaju u njegovim pripovijetkama u izgradnji hermeneutičke recepcije lika Jorgea iz Burgosa, glavnog negativca romana Ime ruže Umberta Eca. Dok je prvi aspekt dostatno obrađen u kritičkoj literaturi o Imenu ruže, drugi je ostao zanemaren u nekim bitnim aspektima. Analiza ideoloških i hermeneutičkih aspekata njegovog lika u Ecovu romanu otkriva da u izgradnji ne samo njegova etičkog i teološkog habitusa nego i razvitku glavnog narativnog tijeka romana, čiji je on pokretač, veliku ulogu igraju dvostruko kodirane metafore koje Borges razvija u svojim pripovijetkama Teolozi i Tri tumačenja Jude. U članku se analizira njihova uloga u spomenutim Borgesovim novelama i njihov intertekstualni odjek u Imenu ruže koji se pronalazi na idejnoj i kompozicijsko-pripovjednoj razini. Temeljna Borgesova metafora \u27svi su ljudi jedan čovjek\u27 razrađuje se u romanu raznim figurama ponavljanja, a unutar te primarne metafore značajna je metaforika Jude koju Borges razvija u noveli Tri tumačenja Jude. Analiza hermeneutičke recepcije Jorgeova lika otkriva presudnu ulogu te metafore u njenoj iozgradnji.This article analyses the modalities of Umberto Eco\u27s intertextual adoption of J. L. Borges\u27 \u27fictional person\u27 and the specific literary metaphors Borges developed and used in his short stories when building the hermeneutical reception of the character of Jorge de Burgos, the villain of Eco\u27s novel The Name of the Rose. While the critical literature on The Name of the Rose has devoted considerable attention to the former, the latter has remained neglected in some crucial aspects. The analysis of ideological and hermeneutic aspects of his character in Eco\u27s novel revealed that, in creating his ethical and theological habitus and even in the development of the novel\u27s main narrative, a significant role was played by double coded metaphors developed by Borges in his short stories The Theologians and Three Versions of Judas. This article analyses their role in the aforementioned short stories by Borges and their intertextual resonance in The Name of the Rose visible both, on the level of ideas and the compositional-narrative level. The basic Borges\u27 metaphor, "Whatever one man does, it is as if all men did it", was developed in the novel with the help of various figures of repetition. Within that primary metaphor, an important place is held by the metaphorics of Judas developed by Borges in Three Versions of Judas. Analysis of the hermeneutical reception of Jorge\u27s character has revealed the crucial role of that metaphor in its creation

Understanding the Competition between Epitaxial Strain and Thermodynamics in TiO₂: Structural, Morphological, and Property Evolution

We explore the evolution of epitaxial TiO₂ films on a wide range of (001)-oriented perovskite substrates. We observe epitaxial stabilization of anatase to >150 °C above the bulk anatase-to-rutile transition temperature for films grown on substrates with −2.0% to 6.0% lattice mismatch. Continuum elastic models are used to calculate the strain energy density and to construct a model for the preferred epitaxial orientation of anatase. This model is consistent with experimental observations that the strain energy density dominates and leads to the stabilization of 00<i>l</i>- and <i>h</i>00-oriented anatase below and above lattice mismatch values of 5%, respectively. Additionally, TiO₂ nanocrystallite size is found to decrease with lattice mismatch and is discussed in terms of energy competition and possible changes in the nucleation and growth process. To further probe the competition between bulk free, surface, interface, and strain energies in metastable (kinetically limited) as-grown TiO₂ films, ex post facto annealing was completed to assess the equilibrium state of the films. These studies confirm the continuum elastic model and highlight the relative importance of the different energies. We then implement our understanding of energy competition to deterministically increase surface area and enhance light absorption via in situ growth processes and ex post facto annealing

Theory-Guided Exploration of the Sr₂Nb₂O₇ System for Increased Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties and Synthesis of Vanadium-Alloyed Sr₂Nb₂O₇

Ab initio methods provide a powerful tool in the search for novel polar materials. In particular, there has been a surge to identify lead-free piezoelectric materials to replace PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3. This study examines a computational strategy to identify increased piezoelectric and dielectric responses of alloy systems based on the linear interpolation of force constants, Born effective charges, and internal strain tensors from their end-point compounds. We choose the ferroelectric layered perovskite Sr2Nb2O7 as a parent structure and employ this alloying strategy for 19 potential cation substitutions, targeting thermodynamically metastable alloys with high piezoelectric response. From this screening, we identify Sr2Nb2–2xV2xO7 as a promising polar system. We conduct large-unit-cell calculations of Sr2Nb2–2xV2xO7 at x = 0.0625, 0.125 for multiple cation orderings and find a significant 184% enhanced piezoelectric response. The solid solution system is synthesized as single-crystalline thin-film heterostructures using pulsed-laser deposition, and an enhanced dielectric response is observed at x = 0.05 and at x = 0.1. We present the Sr2Nb2–2xV2xO7 alloy system designed through high-throughput computational screening methods with a large calculated piezoelectric response and experimentally verified increased dielectric response. Our methodology is provided as a high-throughput screening tool for novel materials with enhanced polarizability and alloy systems with potential morphotropic phase boundaries

Effects of Nonequilibrium Growth, Nonstoichiometry, and Film Orientation on the Metal-to-Insulator Transition in NdNiO₃ Thin Films

Next-generation devices will rely on exotic functional properties not found in traditional systems. One class of materials of particular interest for applications are those possessing metal-to-insulator transitions (MITs). In this work, we probe the relationship between variations in the growth process, subsequent variations in cation stoichiometry, and the MIT in NdNiO₃ thin films. Slight variations in the growth conditions, in particular the laser fluence, during pulsed-laser deposition growth of NdNiO₃ produces films that are both single-phase and coherently strained to a range of substrates despite possessing as much as 15% Nd-excess. Subsequent study of the temperature-dependence of the electronic transport reveals dramatic changes in both the onset and magnitude of the resistivity change at the MIT with increasing cation nonstoichiometry giving rise to a decrease (and ultimately a suppression) of the transition and the magnitude of the resistivity change. From there, the electronic transport of nearly ideal NdNiO₃ thin films are studied as a function of epitaxial strain, thickness, and orientation. Overall, transitioning from tensile to compressive strain results in a systematic reduction of the onset and magnitude of the resistivity change across the MIT, thinner films are found to possess sharper MITs with larger changes in the resistivity at the transition, and (001)-oriented films exhibit sharper and larger MITs as compared to (110)- and (111)-oriented films as a result of highly anisotropic in-plane transport in the latter

Theory-Guided Exploration of the Sr₂Nb₂O₇ System for Increased Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties and Synthesis of Vanadium-Alloyed Sr₂Nb₂O₇

Ab initio methods provide a powerful tool in the search for novel polar materials. In particular, there has been a surge to identify lead-free piezoelectric materials to replace PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3. This study examines a computational strategy to identify increased piezoelectric and dielectric responses of alloy systems based on the linear interpolation of force constants, Born effective charges, and internal strain tensors from their end-point compounds. We choose the ferroelectric layered perovskite Sr2Nb2O7 as a parent structure and employ this alloying strategy for 19 potential cation substitutions, targeting thermodynamically metastable alloys with high piezoelectric response. From this screening, we identify Sr2Nb2–2xV2xO7 as a promising polar system. We conduct large-unit-cell calculations of Sr2Nb2–2xV2xO7 at x = 0.0625, 0.125 for multiple cation orderings and find a significant 184% enhanced piezoelectric response. The solid solution system is synthesized as single-crystalline thin-film heterostructures using pulsed-laser deposition, and an enhanced dielectric response is observed at x = 0.05 and at x = 0.1. We present the Sr2Nb2–2xV2xO7 alloy system designed through high-throughput computational screening methods with a large calculated piezoelectric response and experimentally verified increased dielectric response. Our methodology is provided as a high-throughput screening tool for novel materials with enhanced polarizability and alloy systems with potential morphotropic phase boundaries

Slow Conductance Relaxation in Graphene–Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistors

Tuning graphene conduction states with the remnant polarization of ferroelectric oxides holds much promise for a range of low-power transistor and memory applications. However, understanding how the ferroelectric polarization affects the electronic properties of graphene remains challenging because of a variety of intricate and dynamic screening processes that complicate the interaction. Here, we report on a range of slow electrical conductance relaxation behavior in graphene–​ferroelectric field-effect transistors with the extreme case leading to the convergence of two polarization-induced states. Piezoresponse force microscopy through the graphene channel reveals that the ferroelectric polarization remains essentially unchanged during this conductance relaxation. When measured in vacuum, the conductance relaxation is significantly reduced, suggesting equilibration with adsorbates from the ambient atmosphere that can cause charge transfer to and from graphene to be the origin of the slow relaxation

Tunable Carrier Type and Density in Graphene/PbZr_0.2Ti_0.8O₃ Hybrid Structures through Ferroelectric Switching

Bidirectional interdependency between graphene doping level and ferroelectric polarization is demonstrated in graphene/PbZr_0.2Ti_0.8O₃ hybrid structures. The polarization of the PbZr_0.2Ti_0.8O₃ can be effectively switched with graphene electrodes and can in turn alter carrier type and density in the graphene. A complete reversal of the current–voltage hysteresis direction is observed in the graphene when external environmental factors are minimized, converting p-type graphene into n-type with an estimated carrier density change as large as ∼10¹³ cm^–2. Nonvolatility and reversibility are also demonstrated

Strain-Driven Nanoscale Phase Competition near the Antipolar–Nonpolar Phase Boundary in Bi_0.7La_0.3FeO₃ Thin Films

Complex-oxide materials tuned to be near phase boundaries via chemistry/composition, temperature, pressure, etc. are known to exhibit large susceptibilities. Here, we observe a strain-driven nanoscale phase competition in epitaxially constrained Bi_0.7La_0.3FeO₃ thin films near the antipolar–nonpolar phase boundary and explore the evolution of the structural, dielectric, (anti)­ferroelectric, and magnetic properties with strain. We find that compressive and tensile strains can stabilize an antipolar PbZrO₃-like <i>Pbam</i> phase and a nonpolar <i>Pnma</i> orthorhombic phase, respectively. Heterostructures grown with little to no strain exhibit a self-assembled nanoscale mixture of the two orthorhombic phases, wherein the relative fraction of each phase can be modified with film thickness. Subsequent investigation of the dielectric and (anti)­ferroelectric properties reveals an electric-field-driven phase transformation from the nonpolar phase to the antipolar phase. X-ray linear dichroism reveals that the antiferromagnetic-spin axes can be effectively modified by the strain-induced phase transition. This evolution of antiferromagnetic-spin axes can be leveraged in exchange coupling between the antiferromagnetic Bi_0.7La_0.3FeO₃ and a ferromagnetic Co_0.9Fe_0.1 layer to tune the ferromagnetic easy axis of the Co_0.9Fe_0.1. These results demonstrate that besides chemical alloying, epitaxial strain is an alternative and effective way to modify subtle phase relations and tune physical properties in rare earth-alloyed BiFeO₃. Furthermore, the observation of antiferroelectric-antiferromagnetic properties in the <i>Pbam</i> Bi_0.7La_0.3FeO₃ phase could be of significant scientific interest and great potential in magnetoelectric devices because of its dual antiferroic nature

Nonstoichiometry, Structure, and Properties of BiFeO₃ Films

We explore the effect of growth conditions on the cation and anion chemistry, electrical leakage, conduction mechanisms, and ferroelectric and dielectric behavior of BiFeO₃. Although it is possible to produce single-phase, coherently strained films in all cases, small variations in the pulsed-laser deposition growth process, specifically the laser repetition rate and target composition, result in films with chemistries ranging from 10% Bi-deficiency to 4% Bi-excess and films possessing Bi gradients as large a 6% across the film thickness. Corresponding variations and gradients in the O chemistry are also observed. As a result of the varying film chemistry, marked differences in surface and domain morphology are observed wherein Bi-deficiency stabilizes atomically smooth surfaces and ordered stripe domains. Subsequent investigation of the current–voltage response reveals large differences in leakage current density arising from changes in both the overall stoichiometry and gradients. In turn, the film stoichiometry drives variations in the dominant conduction mechanism including examples of Schottky, Poole–Frenkel, and modified Poole–Frenkel emission depending on the film chemistry. Finally, slightly Bi-excess films are found to exhibit the best low-frequency ferroelectric and dielectric response while increasing Bi-deficiency worsens the low-frequency ferroelectric performance and reduces the dielectric permittivity

Complex Evolution of Built-in Potential in Compositionally-Graded PbZr_1–<i>x</i>Ti_<i>x</i>O₃ Thin Films

Epitaxial strain has been widely used to tune crystal and domain structures in ferroelectric thin films. New avenues of strain engineering based on varying the composition at the nanometer scale have been shown to generate symmetry breaking and large strain gradients culminating in large built-in potentials. In this work, we develop routes to deterministically control these built-in potentials by exploiting the interplay between strain gradients, strain accommodation, and domain formation in compositionally graded PbZr_1–<i>x</i>Ti_<i>x</i>O₃ heterostructures. We demonstrate that variations in the nature of the compositional gradient and heterostructure thickness can be used to control both the crystal and domain structures and give rise to nonintuitive evolution of the built-in potential, which does not scale directly with the magnitude of the strain gradient as would be expected. Instead, large built-in potentials are observed in compositionally-graded heterostructures that contain (1) compositional gradients that traverse chemistries associated with structural phase boundaries (such as the morphotropic phase boundary) and (2) ferroelastic domain structures. In turn, the built-in potential is observed to be dependent on a combination of flexoelectric effects (<i>i.e.</i>, polarization–strain gradient coupling), chemical-gradient effects (<i>i.e.</i>, polarization–chemical potential gradient coupling), and local inhomogeneities (in structure or chemistry) that enhance strain (and/or chemical potential) gradients such as areas with nonlinear lattice parameter variation with chemistry or near ferroelastic domain boundaries. Regardless of origin, large built-in potentials act to suppress the dielectric permittivity, while having minimal impact on the magnitude of the polarization, which is important for the optimization of these materials for a range of nanoapplications from vibrational energy harvesting to thermal energy conversion and beyond