How an antenna launches its input power into radiation: the pattern of the Poynting vector at and near an antenna

In this paper I first address the question of whether the seat of the power radiated by an antenna made of conducting members is distributed over the ``arms'' of the antenna according to -J . E, where J is the specified current density and E is the electric field produced by that source. Poynting's theorem permits only a global identification of the total input power, usually from a localized generator, with the total power radiated to infinity, not a local correspondence of -J . E dv with some specific radiated power, r^2 S . n dO. I then describe a model antenna consisting of two perfectly conducting hemispheres of radius a separated by a small equatorial gap across which occurs the driving oscillatory electric field. The fields and surface current are determined by solution of the boundary value problem. In contrast to the first approach (not a boundary value problem), the tangential electric field vanishes on the metallic surface. There is no radial Poynting vector normal to the surface. Numerical examples are shown to illustrate how the energy flows from the input region of the gap and is guided near the antenna by its ``arms'' until it is launched at larger r/a into the radiation pattern determined by the value of ka.Comment: 24pages, 8 figures, submitted for publicatio

Microwave whirlpools in a rectangular-waveguide cavity with a thin ferrite disk

We study a three dimensional system of a rectangular-waveguide resonator with an inserted thin ferrite disk. The interplay of reflection and transmission at the disk interfaces together with material gyrotropy effect, gives rise to a rich variety of wave phenomena. We analyze the wave propagation based on full Maxwell-equation numerical solutions of the problem. We show that the power-flow lines of the microwave-cavity field interacting with a ferrite disk, in the proximity of its ferromagnetic resonance, form whirlpool-like electromagnetic vortices. Such vortices are characterized by the dynamical symmetry breaking. The role of ohmic losses in waveguide walls and dielectric and magnetic losses in a disk is a subject of our investigations

Kopplung eines auf der Momentenmethode basierenden Computerprogramms mit einem FEM-Algorithmus zur Berechnung von elektromagnetischen Streuproblemen im medizinischen Bereich

Am Beispiel der Verkopplung von medizinischen Geräten über den menschlichen Körper werden elektromagnetische Störphänomene im Klinikbereich betrachtet. Für die Berechnung dieser komplexen Szenarien wird zum einen die Momentenmethode (MoM) verwendet, die sich in besonderem Maße für die Berücksichtigung metallischer Strukturen und offener Streuprobleme eignet, und zum anderen die Methode der Finiten Elemente (FEM), mit der die Eigenschaften des menschlichen Körpers besser berücksichtigt werden können. Mit Hilfe des Äquivalenzprinzips lässt sich das Gesamtproblem in zwei Teile zerlegen, in ein inneres und in ein äußeres. Der Außenraum wird dabei mit der MoM behandelt und das Innere, d.h. der Körper mit der FEM. Die Kopplung der beiden Methoden erfolgt an der Körperoberfläche über äquivalente Oberflächenströme. Durch Lösen des resultierenden linearen Gleichungssystems für das gesamte Problem lassen sich dann die Oberflächenströme und die über die Kontinuitätsgleichung miteinander verknüpften elektromagnetischen Felder bestimmen

Wave propagation models for the planning of mobile communication networks

The paper gives a survey on a variety of methods for modelling wave propagation in different mobile communication scenarios. The requirements for predicting fieldstrength level and other relevant para-meters are discussed for various mobile communication networks including outdoor and indoor scenarios. Apart from well known and widely used propagation models new approaches with minimised computation time are presente

Interpretation of dam monitoring data combining visualisation tools and machine learning. Eberlaste Dam Case Study

'''The installation of automatic data acquisition systems, together with the use of machine learning, allow obtaining useful information on the behaviour of dams. In this contribution, an example of application for a machine learning based predictive model is presented. Specifically, the level in a piezometer and its association with the reservoir level is studied for an embankment dam. The results show the model's ability to identify changes in dam response by taking full advantage of the available monitoring data. The flexibility of the algorithm allows different types of variables to be analysed without the need to determine a priori which are the most influential loads or how they affect the target value. The model has been implemented in a software tool that includes additional functionalities, specific for the treatment and exploration of dam monitoring data. It can be applied to different dam types and response variables.''' ''&#39

A comparison of software- and hardware-gating techniques applied to near-field antenna measurements

It is well-known that antenna measurements are error prone with respect to reflections within an antenna measurements test facility. The influence on near-field (NF) measurements with subsequent NF to far-field (FF) transformation can be significantly reduced applying soft- or hard-gating techniques. Hard-gating systems are often used in compact range facilities employing fast PIN-diode switches (Hartmann, 2000) whereas soft-gating systems utilize a network analyzer to gather frequency samples and eliminate objectionable distortions in the time-domain by means of Fourier-transformation techniques. Near-field (NF) antenna measurements are known to be sensitive to various errors concerning the measurement setup as there have to be mentioned the accuracy of the positioner, the measurement instruments or the quality of the anechoic chamber itself. Two different approaches employing soft- and hard-gating techniques are discussed with respect to practical applications. Signal generation for the antenna under test (AUT) is implemented using a newly developed hard-gating system based on digital signal synthesis allowing gate-widths of 250 ps to 10 ns. Measurement results obtained from a Yagi-Uda antenna under test (AUT) and a dual polarized open-ended waveguide used as probe antenna are presented for the GSM 1800 frequency range