Les cellules stromales multipotentes accélèrent la guérison de plaies cutanées chez les souris irradiées via la sécrétion de la chimiokine SDF-1α

Le traitement du cancer à l’aide d’une exposition aux radiations ionisantes (RI) peut mener au développement de plusieurs effets secondaires importants, dont un retard de réparation et de régénération des tissus. Les mécanismes responsables de ces effets demeurent largement inconnus encore aujourd’hui, ce qui a pour effet de limiter le développement d’approches thérapeutiques. À l’aide d’un modèle de guérison de plaie cutanée chez la souris, nous avons cherché à déterminer les mécanismes par lesquels l’exposition aux RI limite la régénération de la peau. Nos résultats démontrent que l’induction de la "stromal-derived growth factor 1α" (SDF-1α), une cytokine normalement surexprimée dans les tissus hypoxiques, est sévèrement diminuée dans les plaies de souris irradiées versus non-irradiées. Ce défaut corrèle avec un retard de guérison des plaies et est encore évident plusieurs mois suivant l’exposition aux RI, suggérant qu’il y a une altération permanente de la capacité de la peau à se réparer. Parce que SDF-1α est secrété principalement par les fibroblastes du derme, nous avons évalué le potentiel des cellules stromales multipotentes (MSCs), qui sont reconnues pour secréter des niveaux élevés de SDF-1α, à accélérer la régénération de la peau chez les souris irradiées. L’injection de MSCs en périphéries des plaies a mené à une accélération remarquable de la guérison de la peau chez les souris exposées aux RI. Les actions des MSCs étaient principalement paracrines, dû au fait que les cellules n’ont pas migré à l’extérieur de leur site d’injection et ne se sont pas différentiées en kératinocytes. L’inhibition spécifique de l’expression de SDF-1α a mené à une réduction drastique de l’efficacité des MSCs à accélérer la fermeture de plaie indiquant que la sécrétion de SDF-1α par les MSCs est largement responsable de leur effet bénéfique. Nous avons découvert aussi qu’un des mécanismes par lequel SDF-1α accélère la guérison de plaie implique l’augmentation de la vascularisation au niveau de la peau blessée. Les résultats présentés dans ce mémoire démontrent collectivement que SDF-1α est une importante cytokine dérégulée au niveau des plaies cutanées irradiées, et que le déclin du potentiel de régénération des tissus qui est observé suivant une exposition au RI peut être renversé, s’il est possible de restaurer le microenvironnement de la blessure avec un support stromal adéquat.Cancer treatment using ionizing radiation (IR) may lead to significant side effects, like delayed tissue repair and regeneration. The mechanisms mediating these defects remain largely unknown at present, thus limiting the development of therapeutic approaches. Using a wound healing model, we investigate the mechanisms by which IR exposure limits skin regeneration. Our results show that induction of the stromal-derived growth factor 1α (SDF-1α), a cytokine normally overexpressed in hypoxic tissues, is severely impaired in the wounded skin of irradiated, compared to non-irradiated, mice. This defect is correlated with delayed healing, and is evident for several months following exposure to IR, suggesting permanent impairment of skin repair. Because SDF-1α is secreted mainly by dermal fibroblasts, we evaluated the potential of multipotent stromal cells (MSCs), which secrete high levels of SDF-1α, to improve skin regeneration in irradiated mice. Injection of MSCs into the wound margin led to remarkable enhancement of skin healing in mice exposed to IR. The MSC actions were mainly paracrine, as the cells did not migrate away from the injection site or differentiate into keratinocytes. Specific knockdown of SDF-1α expression led to drastically reduced efficiency of MSCs in improving wound closure, indicating that SDF-1α secretion by MSCs is largely responsible for their beneficial action. We also found that one mechanism by which SDF-1α enhances wound closure likely involves increased skin vascularization. Findings presented in this thesis collectively indicate that SDF-1α is an important deregulated cytokine in irradiated wounded skin, and that the decline in tissue regeneration potential following IR can be reversed, given adequate microenvironmental support

Influence des substrats fibre de coco, coque d’arachide et compost de soja sur le comportement de deux variétés de tomates TMA97 et Lindo en culture hydroponique

Pour réduire les difficultés des populations urbaines à l’accès à la terre et aussi pour améliorer la qualité de la production maraîchère en évitant les maladies telluriques, la mise au point d’un substrat adapté pour la culture hydroponique a été entreprise. Deux variétés de tomate, TMA97 et Lindo ont été évaluées sur trois substrats : fibres de coco, compost de soja et coques d’arachide. Les observations et mesures ont porté sur la croissance végétative, le délai de floraison puis les paramètres du rendement. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la meilleure croissance a été obtenue avec la variété Lindo sur les fibres de coco. Le taux de fruits avarié le plus élevé (37%) a également été produit par Lindo sur ce substrat. Par contre, la variété TMA97 cultivée sur le compost de soja en a donné le plus faible (1,3%). Statistiquement, les rendements potentiels et nets ont été identiques chez les variétés de tomates étudiées. Mais numériquement, les rendements nets ont été plus élevés chez TMA97 que chez Lindo quel que soit le substrat utilisé. Chez la variété Lindo, les rendements nets les plus importants ont été obtenus avec le compost de soja. Les coques d’arachide ont donné les faibles rendements. Concernant la variété TMA97, les valeurs les plus élevées ont été produites sur les fibres de coco ; alors que lesplus petites valeurs ont été observées sur les coques d’arachide. Mots clés : Tomate, hydroponie, solution nutritive, substrat, rendement.   English Title: Influence of coconut fiber, peanut shell and soybean compost substrates on the behavior of two tomato varieties TMA97 and Lindo in hydroponic cultivationTo reduce the urban population's difficulties in accessing land and also to improve the quality of vegetable production by avoiding telluric diseases, the development of a suitable substrate for hydroponic cultivation has been undertaken. Two varieties of tomato, TMA97 and Lindo were evaluated on three substrates: coconut fibers, soy compost and peanut shells. Observations and measurements focused on vegetative growth, flowering time, and yield parameters. The results obtained showed that the best growth was obtained with the Lindo variety on coconut fibres. The highest rate of damaged fruit (37%) was also produced by Lindo on this substrate. On the other hand, the variety TMA97 grown on soy compost gave the lowest (1.3%). Statistically, potential and net yields were identical in the tomato varieties studied. But numerically, the net yields are higher in TMA97 than in Lindo regardless of the substrate used. In the Lindo variety, the highest net yields were obtained with soy compost. Peanut shells gave low yields. For the TMA97 variety, the highest values were produced on coconut fibers; while the smallest values were observed on peanut shells. Keywords : Tomato, hydroponics, nutrient solution, substrate, yield

The US Program in Ground-Based Gravitational Wave Science: Contribution from the LIGO Laboratory

Recent gravitational-wave observations from the LIGO and Virgo observatories have brought a sense of great excitement to scientists and citizens the world over. Since September 2015,10 binary black hole coalescences and one binary neutron star coalescence have been observed. They have provided remarkable, revolutionary insight into the "gravitational Universe" and have greatly extended the field of multi-messenger astronomy. At present, Advanced LIGO can see binary black hole coalescences out to redshift 0.6 and binary neutron star coalescences to redshift 0.05. This probes only a very small fraction of the volume of the observable Universe. However, current technologies can be extended to construct "3rd Generation" (3G) gravitational-wave observatories that would extend our reach to the very edge of the observable Universe. The event rates over such a large volume would be in the hundreds of thousands per year (i.e. tens per hour). Such 3G detectors would have a 10-fold improvement in strain sensitivity over the current generation of instruments, yielding signal-to-noise ratios of 1000 for events like those already seen. Several concepts are being studied for which engineering studies and reliable cost estimates will be developed in the next 5 years

Search for gravitational-lensing signatures in the full third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo network

Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions of gravitational wave-signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO--Virgo network. We search for repeated signals from strong lensing by 1) performing targeted searches for subthreshold signals, 2) calculating the degree of overlap amongst the intrinsic parameters and sky location of pairs of signals, 3) comparing the similarities of the spectrograms amongst pairs of signals, and 4) performing dual-signal Bayesian analysis that takes into account selection effects and astrophysical knowledge. We also search for distortions to the gravitational waveform caused by 1) frequency-independent phase shifts in strongly lensed images, and 2) frequency-dependent modulation of the amplitude and phase due to point masses. None of these searches yields significant evidence for lensing. Finally, we use the non-detection of gravitational-wave lensing to constrain the lensing rate based on the latest merger-rate estimates and the fraction of dark matter composed of compact objects

Search for eccentric black hole coalescences during the third observing run of LIGO and Virgo

Despite the growing number of confident binary black hole coalescences observed through gravitational waves so far, the astrophysical origin of these binaries remains uncertain. Orbital eccentricity is one of the clearest tracers of binary formation channels. Identifying binary eccentricity, however, remains challenging due to the limited availability of gravitational waveforms that include effects of eccentricity. Here, we present observational results for a waveform-independent search sensitive to eccentric black hole coalescences, covering the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. We identified no new high-significance candidates beyond those that were already identified with searches focusing on quasi-circular binaries. We determine the sensitivity of our search to high-mass (total mass M>70 M⊙) binaries covering eccentricities up to 0.3 at 15 Hz orbital frequency, and use this to compare model predictions to search results. Assuming all detections are indeed quasi-circular, for our fiducial population model, we place an upper limit for the merger rate density of high-mass binaries with eccentricities 0<e≤0.3 at 0.33 Gpc−3 yr−1 at 90\% confidence level

Ultralight vector dark matter search using data from the KAGRA O3GK run

Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we present the result of a search for U(1)B−L gauge boson DM using the KAGRA data from auxiliary length channels during the first joint observation run together with GEO600. By applying our search pipeline, which takes into account the stochastic nature of ultralight DM, upper bounds on the coupling strength between the U(1)B−L gauge boson and ordinary matter are obtained for a range of DM masses. While our constraints are less stringent than those derived from previous experiments, this study demonstrates the applicability of our method to the lower-mass vector DM search, which is made difficult in this measurement by the short observation time compared to the auto-correlation time scale of DM

La mystification et l’ingéniosité de suppresseurs de tumeurs dans les fonctions nucléaires

International audienc

Secretion of SDF-1α by bone marrow-derived stromal cells enhances skin wound healing of C57BL/6 mice exposed to ionizing radiation

Patients treated for cancer therapy using ionizing radiation (IR) have delayed tissue repair and regeneration. The mechanisms mediating these defects remain largely unknown at present, thus limiting the development of therapeutic approaches. Using a wound healing model, we here investigate the mechanisms by which IR exposure limits skin regeneration. Our data show that induction of the stromal cell-derived growth factor 1α (SDF-1α) is severely impaired in the wounded skin of irradiated, compared to non-irradiated, mice. Hence, we evaluated the potential of bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells (MSCs), which secrete high levels of SDF-1α, to improve skin regeneration in irradiated mice. Injection of MSCs into the wound margin led to remarkable enhancement of skin healing in mice exposed to IR. Injection of irradiated MSCs into the wound periphery of non-irradiated mice delayed wound closure, also suggesting an important role for the stromal microenvironment in skin repair. The beneficial actions of MSCs were mainly paracrine, as the cells did not differentiate into keratinocytes. Specific knockdown of SDF-1α expression led to drastically reduced efficiency of MSCs in improving wound closure, indicating that SDF-1α secretion by MSCs is largely responsible for their beneficial action. We also found that one mechanism by which SDF-1α enhances wound closure likely involves increased skin vascularization. Our findings collectively indicate that SDF-1α is an important deregulated cytokine in irradiated wounded skin, and that the decline in tissue regeneration potential following IR can be reversed, given adequate microenvironmental suppor