Propuesta de valores normativos para la clasificación de variables antropométricas en futbolistas profesionales

El objetivo del presente estudio es proponer una clasificación para identificar el % graso ideal a partir de variables antropométricas en futbolistas profesionales. Para lo cual, fueron utilizados 132 futbolistas profesionales a los que se les evaluó la Masa corporal (kg), Estatura (cm) y pliegues cutáneos (mm). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la estadística descriptiva de media aritmética (X), desviación estándar (DE), coeficiente de variación (CV) y para clasificar las variables antropométricas se utilizó los percentiles. Los resultados muestran que los valores ideales de % graso de los futbolistas oscila entre 9,0 a 12,6%, (p25 a p75), respectivamente. Finalmente, los parámetros adoptados como puntos de corte podrían ser utilizados como posibles indicadores para diagnosticar futbolistas con riesgo de lesión (pp75), a partir del % graso, masa corporal, e inclusive por la sumatoria de cuatro y seis pliegues cutáneos.The aim of this study is to propose a classification to identify the ideal % fat from anthropometric variables in professional soccer players. To which, using 132 players were professionals who were assessed for body mass (kg) Height (cm) and skinfolds (mm). For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics were used for arithmetic mean (X), standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV) and to classify the variables used anthropometric percentiles. The results show that the ideal values of % fat of the players ranges from 9.0 to 12.6% (p25 to p75), respectively. Finally, the parameters adopted as cutoff points could be used as indicators to diagnose potential players at risk of injury (p p75) from the % fat, body mass, and even by the sum of four and six skinfolds.Peer Reviewe

Propuesta de valores normativos para la clasificación de variables antropométricas en futbolistas profesionales

El objetivo del presente estudio es proponer una clasificación para identificar el % graso ideal a partir de variables antropométricas en futbolistas profesionales. Para lo cual, fueron utilizados 132 futbolistas profesionales a los que se les evaluó la Masa corporal (kg), Estatura (cm) y pliegues cutáneos (mm). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la estadística descriptiva de media aritmética (X), desviación estándar (DE), coeficiente de variación (CV) y para clasificar las variables antropométricas se utilizó los percentiles. Los resultados muestran que los valores ideales de % graso de los futbolistas oscila entre 9,0 a 12,6%, (p25 a p75), respectivamente. Finalmente, los parámetros adoptados como puntos de corte podrían ser utilizados como posibles indicadores para diagnosticar futbolistas con riesgo de lesión (pp75), a partir del % graso, masa corporal, e inclusive por la sumatoria de cuatro y seis pliegues cutáneos.The aim of this study is to propose a classification to identify the ideal % fat from anthropometric variables in professional soccer players. To which, using 132 players were professionals who were assessed for body mass (kg) Height (cm) and skinfolds (mm). For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics were used for arithmetic mean (X), standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV) and to classify the variables used anthropometric percentiles. The results show that the ideal values of % fat of the players ranges from 9.0 to 12.6% (p25 to p75), respectively. Finally, the parameters adopted as cutoff points could be used as indicators to diagnose potential players at risk of injury (p p75) from the % fat, body mass, and even by the sum of four and six skinfolds.Peer Reviewe

Study Of Physical Growth Of Students To Moderate Altitude Using Arm Muscle Area By Height And Age

Objective. To compare the physical growth of schoolchildren to moderate altitude with reference standards proposed by Frisancho and Tracer for arm muscle area by height and Frisancho for arm muscle area by age. Method. A cross-sectional study of urban schoolchildren in the province of Arequipa (Perú). The sample was stratified by age and sex, with 473 men and 482 women ranging in age from 6 to 12 years for belonging to the education system at primary level socioeconomic status Peruvian media. Anthropometric variables were assessed weight, height, arm circumference and triceps skinfold and arm muscle area for height and age. Data were compared by Z scores according to the fraction: 100 log (percentile of the reference / percentile calculated). The differences between the sample and reference were analyzed by the paired t test with a significance of p < 0.001. Results. The values of the reference arm muscle areas in relation to height and age are higher in comparison with students of moderate altitude. Was observed 2 years behind men and women according to the comparison with age-muscle area. Similarly, using the muscle area by height 17cm lag was observed in men and 20cm in women. Conclusions. Overall, the results suggest the physical growth retardation and muscle linear, attributing this phenomenon to environmental factors such as altitude. © 2013 Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte.626672Rosenbloom, A., Fisiologia del crecimiento (2007) Ann Nestle [Esp], 65, pp. 99-110Cameron, N., Growth patterns in adverse environments (2007) Am J Hum Biol, 19, pp. 615-621Cossio-Bolanos, M.A., Arruda, M., Nunez Alvarez, V., Lancho Alonso, J.L., Efectos de la altitud sobre el crecimiento fisico en ninos y adolescentes (2011) Rev Andal Med Deporte., 4 (2), pp. 71-76Malina, R., Bouchard, C., Beunen, G., Human growth: Selected aspects of current research on well-nourished children (1988) Annual Review of Anthropology., 17, pp. 187-219Frisancho, A.R., Tracer, D., Standards of arm muscle by stature for assessment of nutritional status of children (1987) Am J Phys Anthropol., 73, pp. 469-475Frisancho, A.R., Baker, P.T., Altitude and growth -A study of the pattern of physical growth of a high altitude Peruvian Quechua population (1970) Am J Phys. Anthrop, 32, pp. 279-292Stinson, S., The physical growth of high altitude Bolivian Aymara children (1980) Am J Phys Anthropol., 52 (3), pp. 377-385Pawson, I., Huicho, L., Muro, M., Pacheco, A., Growth of children in two economically diverse Peruvian high-altitude communities (2001) American Journal of Human Biology., 13 (3), pp. 323-340Frisancho, A.R., Triceps skinfold and upper arm muscle size norms for assessment of nutritional status (1974) American Journal of Clinical Nutrition., 27 (10), pp. 1052-1058Daley, B., Maliakal, R., Dressen, E., Driscoll, D., Bristrian, B., Rapid clinical assessment of kidney function based on arm muscle circumference and serum creatinine (1994) Nutrition., 10, pp. 128-131Erfan, M., El Ruby, M., Monir, Z., Anwar, Z., Upper arm muscle area by height: An indicator for growth and nutritional status of Egyptian children and adolescents (2003) Egypt Med J., 2, pp. 139-153Frisancho, A.R., (1990) Anthropometric Standardization for the Assessment of Growth and Nutritional Status, , The University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor, MichiganRamirez, A., Exposicion toxicologica en las grandes alturas:.es necesario corregir los valores limite umbral de exposicion de toxicos? (2011) An Fac Med., 72 (1), pp. 61-67Frisancho, A.R., New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for assessment of nutritional status (1981) Am J Clin Nutr., 34, pp. 2540-2545Bartsch, P., Saltin, B., Dvorak, J., Consensus statement on playing football at different altitude (2008) Scand J Med Sports., 18 (SUPPL. I), pp. 96-99Cossio-Bolanos, M.A., Crescimento fisico e desempenho motor em criancas de 6-12 anos de condicao socioeconomica media da area urbana de Arequipa (Peru) (2004) Dissertacao de Mestrado. Unicamp/FEF. CampinasBustamante, A., Seabra, A., Garganta, R., Maia, J., Efectos de la actividad fisica y el nivel socioeconomico en el sobrepeso y obesidad de escolares Lima Este, 2005 (2007) Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica., 24 (2), pp. 121-128Gonzales, G., Crespo-Retes, I., Guerra-Garcia, R., Secular change in growth of native children and adolescent at high altitude I. Puno, Peru (3800 meters) (1982) American Journal of Physical Anthropology., 58, pp. 191-195Gonzales, G.F., Villena, A., Body mass index and age at menarche in Peruvian Children living at high altitude and at sea level (1996) Human Biology., 68 (2), pp. 265-271Ross, W.D., Marfell-Jones, M.J., Kinanthropometry (1991) Physiological Testing of Elite Athlete, pp. 223-308. , MacDougall JD Wenger HA Geen HJ editors. London: Human KineticsBolzan Guimarey, L., Frisancho, A.R., Study of growth in rural school children from Buenos Aires Argentina using upper arm muscle area by height and other anthropometric dimensions of body composition (1999) Ann Hum Biol., 26 (2), pp. 185-193Malina, R.M., Bouchard, C., (1991) Growth Maturation and Physical Activity Champaign, , Human KineticsChowdhury, S.D., Ghosh, T., The upper arm muscle and fat area of Santal children: An evaluation of nutritional status (2009) Acta Padiatrica., 98, pp. 103-110Forbes, G.B., (1987) Human Body Composition: Growth, Aging, Nutrition and Activity, , New York: Springer VerlagHass, J.D., Baker, P.T., Hunt, E.E., The effects of high altitude on body size and composition of the newborn infant in southern Peru (1982) Am J Phys Athropol., 59, pp. 251-262Dang, S., Yan, H., Yamamoto, S., High altitude and early childhood growth retardation: New evidence fron Tibet (2008) Eur J Clin Nutr., 62, pp. 342-348Obbert, P., Fellmanni, G., Falgairettei, M., Bedu, E., Van Praagh, H., Kempers, B., The important of socioeconomic and nutritional conditions rather than altitude on the physical growth of pre-pubertal Andean highland boys (1994) Annals of Human Biology., 21, pp. 145-154Stinson, S., The effect of high altitude on the growth of children of high socioeconomic status in Bolivia (1982) American Journal of Physical Anthropology., 59, pp. 61-71Hackett, P.H., Oelz, O., The Lake Louise Consensus on the definition and quantification of altitude illness (1992) Hypoxia and Mountain Medicine. Burlington, , Sutton JR, Coates G, Houston CS. editors. USA: Queen City PrintersChiodi, H., Respiratory adaptations to chronic high altitude hypoxia (1957) J Appl Physiol., 10, pp. 81-87Astrand, P.O., Rodahl, K., (1995) Fisiologia Del Trabajo Fisico, , Bs. As. Argentina: Ed. PanamericanaZavaleta, A.N., Malina, R.M., Growth, fatness, and leanness in Mexican-American children (1980) Am J Clin Nutr., 33, pp. 2008-2020Aguirre, P., Aspectos socio antropologicos de la obesidad en la pobreza (2000) La Obesidad en la Pobreza: Un Nuevo Reto Para la Salud Publica, pp. 13-25. , Pena M, Bacallao J, editores. Washington, D.C.: Organizacion Panamericana de la SaludBoye, K.R., Dimitriou, T., Manz, F., Schoenau, E., Neu, C., Wudy, S., Anthropometric assessment of muscularity during growth: Estimating fat-free mass with 2 skin fold-thickness measurements is superior to measuring mid upper arm muscle area in healthy pre-pubertal children (2002) Am J Clin Nutr., 76, pp. 628-632Malina, R., Anthropometry, strength and motor fitness (1994) Anthropometry: The Individual and the Population, pp. 160-177. , Ulijaszek S, Mascie-Taylor C, editors. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Pres

EFFECTS OF MILITARY SPENDING ON THE PROFITABILITY OF SPANISH DEFENCE CONTRACTORS

The traditional view of the defence industry obtaining large profits from contracts with the Ministry of Defence relies on several assumptions. Among these are the use of such arrangements as an instrument of industrial policy, the strong market power enjoyed by prime contractors, and the inefficiency encouraged by the sector. The findings show that defence contracts have a positive effect on profits, as well as the prizes for innovation and the market power enjoyed by some defence subsectors.Defence industry, Defence procurement, Profits, Spain,

Country survey IX: Spain

From the early 1980s Spain embarked on a wide-ranging process of military reform, from organisational changes to defence industrial policies. Investment in military equipment was set to grow, policies were drawn up to foster the domestic defence industrial base, defence R&D rocketed, and Spain joined a myriad of international arms development programmes. Yet, by 1991 the process of reform had run out of steam. Expenditure planning proved unreliable, and firms suffered from sharp cutbacks in procurement expenditure. The model of defence industrial growth sketched in the mid-1980s had floundered. The Spanish case provides an example of how the quest to maximise defence procurement from domestic sources can fall victim to industrial and budgetary constraints. Spanish defence producers are now becoming increasingly intertwined with foreign defence companies.Spain, Defence expenditure, Arms production, Defence industry,

Safety of hospital discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery

© 2020 BJS Society Ltd Published by John Wiley & Sons LtdBackground: Ileus is common after colorectal surgery and is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications. Identifying features of normal bowel recovery and the appropriateness for hospital discharge is challenging. This study explored the safety of hospital discharge before the return of bowel function. Methods: A prospective, multicentre cohort study was undertaken across an international collaborative network. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The main outcome of interest was readmission to hospital within 30 days of surgery. The impact of discharge timing according to the return of bowel function was explored using multivariable regression analysis. Other outcomes were postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery, measured using the Clavien–Dindo classification system. Results: A total of 3288 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 301 (9·2 per cent) were discharged before the return of bowel function. The median duration of hospital stay for patients discharged before and after return of bowel function was 5 (i.q.r. 4–7) and 7 (6–8) days respectively (P < 0·001). There were no significant differences in rates of readmission between these groups (6·6 versus 8·0 per cent; P = 0·499), and this remained the case after multivariable adjustment for baseline differences (odds ratio 0·90, 95 per cent c.i. 0·55 to 1·46; P = 0·659). Rates of postoperative complications were also similar in those discharged before versus after return of bowel function (minor: 34·7 versus 39·5 per cent; major 3·3 versus 3·4 per cent; P = 0·110). Conclusion: Discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery appears to be safe in appropriately selected patients