Smoothness Improvement of High Speed Recycled Paperboard through Base Coating Formula Optimization

As the trend in printing recycled paperboard shifts toward the rotogravure process, the surface smoothness of the paperboard is becoming increasingly important. Also, as recycled paperboard machine speeds increase, greater demands are being placed on the coating process and formulation to yield superior coating characteristics. The objective of this research project is to determine a base coat formulation that improves the base coating characteristics in high-speed recycled paperboard. This study examines the replacement of a traditional #1 clay with calcined clay and fine particle clay, which through their different properties alter the characteristics of the coating. The bulky calcined particles are more effective at filling the micro-valleys on the surface of the paperboard, while the smaller fine particle clay particles help prevent the coating from becoming dilatent. The less costly fine particle clay also offsets the high cost of the calcined clay. The lab experiments on the Cylindrical Laboratory Coater have shown that at a constant coat weight, 20 parts calcined clay, 32 parts fine particle clay and 48 parts #1 clay provided improved smoothness and brightness while maintaining adequate flow characteristics. Above 20 parts of calcined clay the coating consisting of 10 parts calcined clay, 32 parts fine clay and 58 parts #1 clay provided almost the same smoothness and brightness results, but costs less. This would be the most cost effective coating formulation for improving the surface smoothness and brightness characteristics of recycled paperboard. Because only a relatively small amount of research has been done in this area, this project could be extended into any number of areas including the addition of delaminated clay, effect of coat weight, and pilot/machine trials

Labor Rights in the Generalized System of Preferences: A 20-Year Review

[Excerpt]In the fall of 1982, a small group of labor, religious, and human rights activists began charting a new course for human rights and workers\u27 rights in American trade policy. The principles of these labor rights advocates were straightforward: 1. No country should attract investment or gain an edge in international trade by violating workers\u27 rights; 2. No company operating in global trade should gain a competitive edge by violating workers\u27 rights; and, 3. Workers have a right to demand protection for labor rights in the international trade system, and to have laws to accomplish it. The coalition that took shape 20 years ago made a labor rights amendment to the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), the chief policy vehicle in U.S. law to promote these principles. This article reviews 20 years\u27 experience with the GSP labor rights clause

The influence of season, photoperiod, and pineal melatonin on immune function.

In addition to the well-documented seasonal cycles of mating and birth, there are also significant seasonal cycles of illness and death among many animal populations. Challenging winter conditions (i.e., low ambient temperature and decreased food availability) can directly induce death via hypothermia, starvation, or shock. Coping with these challenges can also indirectly increase morbidity and mortality by increasing glucocorticoid secretion, which can compromise immune function. Many environmental challenges are recurrent and thus predictable; animals could enhance survival, and presumably increase fitness, if they could anticipate immunologically challenging conditions in order to cope with these seasonal threats to health. The annual cycle of changing photoperiod provides an accurate indicator of time of year and thus allows immunological adjustments prior to the deterioration of conditions. Pineal melatonin codes day length information. Short day lengths enhance several aspects of immune function in laboratory studies, and melatonin appears to mediate many of the enhanced immunological effects of photoperiod. Generally, field studies report compromised immune function during the short days of autumn and winter. The conflict between laboratory and field data is addressed with a multifactor approach. The evidence for seasonal fluctuations in lymphatic tissue size and structure, as well as immune function and disease processes, is reviewed. The role of pineal melatonin and the hormones regulated by melatonin is discussed from an evolutionary and adaptive functional perspective. Finally, the clinically significance of seasonal fluctuations in immune function is presented. Taken together, it appears that seasonal fluctuations in immune parameters, mediated by melatonin, could have profound effects on the etiology and progression of diseases in humans and nonhuman animals. An adaptive functional perspective is critical to gain insights into the interaction among melatonin, immune function, and disease processes

Challenges to smartphone applications for melanoma detection

This commentary addresses the emerging market for health-related smartphone applications. Specific to dermatology, there has been a significant increase not only in applications that promote skin cancer awareness and education but also in those meant for detection. With evidence showing that 365 dermatology-related applications were available in 2014--up from 230 in 2012--and that 1 in 5 patients under the age of 50 have used a smartphone to help diagnose a skin problem, there is clearly a large subset of patients participating in this growing trend. Therefore, we are obligated to take a closer look into this phenomenon. Studies have shown that applications are inferior to in-person consultations with one study showing that 3 out of 4 applications incorrectly classified 30% or more melanomas as low-risk lesions. Although the FDA gained regulatory oversight over mobile health applications in 2012 and recently released their statement in 2015, their reach only extends to cover a selected portion of these applications, leaving many unregulated as they continue to be marketed toward our patients. Dermatologists should be updated on our current situation in order to properly counsel patients on the risks and benefits of these applications and whether they are acceptable for use. © 2016 by the article author(s)

Convection, dissipation, and rotation in simulations of stellar and planetary interiors and atmospheres

A wide range of fluid flows occur within astrophysical bodies such as stars and planets. In particular, convective flows are dominant throughout a significant portion of the structure of these objects, playing a key role in the transport of heat throughout their interiors. In a steady state, this convection must be maintained against any viscous and Ohmic dissipation that is present. Prior numerical studies on the nature of this dissipation have often lacked key physical components of the convection, such as the influence of rotation and stratification. Additionally, in planetary atmospheres the influence of the underlying interior convection zone on the resulting surface circulation has historically been underrepresented. This thesis examines idealised convective systems in an attempt to understand some of these influences. We present the first systematic numerical study of viscous dissipation and convection in a Cartesian layer in the highly stratified, rotating regime, and mixed fixed-entropy and fixed-flux boundary conditions. We find that while the influence of rotation does not affect the total amount of dissipation within the layer, the spatial distribution varies considerably as a result of the change in dynamical structure in the rotationally constrained cases. The obtained heat transport scalings show good agreement with those obtained in prior Boussinesq calculations and we define a new parameter which quantifies the spatial distribution of the dissipation and appears to provide a good indicator for whether a given system follows the rotationally constrained scalings or not. We also use the globally averaged value of dissipative heating to place constraints on the maximum (negative) value of the kinetic energy flux. Lastly, this thesis presents preliminary results on the influence of more physically motivated convective parameterisations on the atmospheric circulation of highly irradiated tidally locked exoplanets. Initial results show a significant weakening of the eastward equatorial jet, with an accompanying acceleration of the westward midlatitude jets. The thesis then concludes with a discussion of future work, along with accompanying proof-of-concept results.Science and Technology Facilities Counci

Attack Detection in Sensor Network Target Localization Systems with Quantized Data

We consider a sensor network focused on target localization, where sensors measure the signal strength emitted from the target. Each measurement is quantized to one bit and sent to the fusion center. A general attack is considered at some sensors that attempts to cause the fusion center to produce an inaccurate estimation of the target location with a large mean-square-error. The attack is a combination of man-in-the-middle, hacking, and spoofing attacks that can effectively change both signals going into and coming out of the sensor nodes in a realistic manner. We show that the essential effect of attacks is to alter the estimated distance between the target and each attacked sensor to a different extent, giving rise to a geometric inconsistency among the attacked and unattacked sensors. Hence, with the help of two secure sensors, a class of detectors are proposed to detect the attacked sensors by scrutinizing the existence of the geometric inconsistency. We show that the false alarm and miss probabilities of the proposed detectors decrease exponentially as the number of measurement samples increases, which implies that for sufficiently large number of samples, the proposed detectors can identify the attacked and unattacked sensors with any required accuracy