Computing driver tiredness and fatigue in automobile via eye tracking and body movements

The aim of this paper is to classify the driver tiredness and fatigue in automobile via eye tracking and body movements using deep learning based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm. Vehicle driver face localization serves as one of the most widely used real-world applications in fields like toll control, traffic accident scene analysis, and suspected vehicle tracking. The research proposed a CNN classifier for simultaneously localizing the region of human face and eye positioning. The classifier, rather than bounding rectangles, gives bounding quadrilaterals, which gives a more precise indication for vehicle driver face localization. The adjusted regions are preprocessed to remove noise and passed to the CNN classifier for real time processing. The preprocessing of the face features extracts connected components, filters them by size, and groups them into face expressions. The employed CNN is the well-known technology for human face recognition. One we aim to extract the facial landmarks from the frames, we will then leverage classification models and deep learning based convolutional neural networks that predict the state of the driver as 'Alert' or 'Drowsy' for each of the frames extracted. The CNN model could predict the output state labels (Alert/Drowsy) for each frame, but we wanted to take care of sequential image frames as that is extremely important while predicting the state of an individual. The process completes, if all regions have a sufficiently high score or a fixed number of retries are exhausted. The output consists of the detected human face type, the list of regions including the extracted mouth and eyes with recognition reliability through CNN with an accuracy of 98.57% with 100 epochs of training and testing

A hybrid algorithm for flexible job-shop scheduling problem with setup times

[EN] Job-shop scheduling problem is one of the most important fields in manufacturing optimization where a set of n jobs must be processed on a set of m specified machines. Each job consists of a specific set of operations, which have to be processed according to a given order. The Flexible Job Shop problem (FJSP) is a generalization of the above-mentioned problem, where each operation can be processed by a set of resources and has a processing time depending on the resource used. The FJSP problems cover two difficulties, namely, machine assignment problem and operation sequencing problem. This paper addresses the flexible job-shop scheduling problem with sequence-dependent setup times to minimize two kinds of objectives function: makespan and bi-criteria objective function. For that, we propose a hybrid algorithm based on genetic algorithm (GA) and variable neighbourhood search (VNS) to solve this problem. To evaluate the performance of our algorithm, we compare our results with other methods existing in literature. All the results show the superiority of our algorithm against the available ones in terms of solution quality.Azzouz, A.; Ennigrou, M.; Ben Said, L. (2017). A hybrid algorithm for flexible job-shop scheduling problem with setup times. International Journal of Production Management and Engineering. 5(1):23-30. doi:10.4995/ijpme.2017.6618SWORD233051Allahverdi, A. (2015). The third comprehensive survey on scheduling problems with setup times/costs. European Journal of Operational Research, 246(2), 345-378. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2015.04.004Azzouz, A., Ennigrou, M., & Jlifi, B. (2015). Diversifying TS using GA in Multi-agent System for Solving Flexible Job Shop Problem. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics. doi:10.5220/0005511000940101Azzouz, A., Ennigrou, M., Jlifi, B., & Ghedira, K. (2012). Combining Tabu Search and Genetic Algorithm in a Multi-agent System for Solving Flexible Job Shop Problem. 2012 11th Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence. doi:10.1109/micai.2012.12Bagheri, A., & Zandieh, M. (2011). Bi-criteria flexible job-shop scheduling with sequence-dependent setup times—Variable neighborhood search approach. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 30(1), 8-15. doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2011.02.004Brandimarte, P. (1993). Routing and scheduling in a flexible job shop by tabu search. Annals of Operations Research, 41(3), 157-183. doi:10.1007/bf02023073Cheung, W., & Zhou, H. (2001). Annals of Operations Research, 107(1/4), 65-81. doi:10.1023/a:1014990729837Fattahi, P., Saidi Mehrabad, M., & Jolai, F. (2007). Mathematical modeling and heuristic approaches to flexible job shop scheduling problems. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 18(3), 331-342. doi:10.1007/s10845-007-0026-8González, M. A., Rodriguez Vela, C., Varela, R. (2013). An efficient memetic algorithm for the flexible job shop with setup times. In Twenty-Third International Conference on Automated, pp. 91-99.Hurink, J., Jurisch, B., & Thole, M. (1994). Tabu search for the job-shop scheduling problem with multi-purpose machines. OR Spektrum, 15(4), 205-215. doi:10.1007/bf01719451Imanipour, N. (2006). Modeling&Solving Flexible Job Shop Problem With Sequence Dependent Setup Times. 2006 International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management. doi:10.1109/icsssm.2006.320680KIM, S. C., & BOBROWSKI, P. M. (1994). Impact of sequence-dependent setup time on job shop scheduling performance. International Journal of Production Research, 32(7), 1503-1520. doi:10.1080/00207549408957019Moghaddas, R., Houshmand, M. (2008). Job-shop scheduling problem with sequence dependent setup times. Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists,2, 978-988.Mousakhani, M. (2013). Sequence-dependent setup time flexible job shop scheduling problem to minimise total tardiness. International Journal of Production Research, 51(12), 3476-3487. doi:10.1080/00207543.2012.746480Naderi, B., Zandieh, M., & Fatemi Ghomi, S. M. T. (2008). Scheduling sequence-dependent setup time job shops with preventive maintenance. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 43(1-2), 170-181. doi:10.1007/s00170-008-1693-0Najid, N. M., Dauzere-Peres, S., & Zaidat, A. (s. f.). A modified simulated annealing method for flexible job shop scheduling problem. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. doi:10.1109/icsmc.2002.1176334Nouiri, M., Bekrar, A., Jemai, A., Niar, S., & Ammari, A. C. (2015). An effective and distributed particle swarm optimization algorithm for flexible job-shop scheduling problem. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 29(3), 603-615. doi:10.1007/s10845-015-1039-3Oddi, A., Rasconi, R., Cesta, A., & Smith, S. (2011). Applying iterative flattening search to the job shop scheduling problem with alternative resources and sequence dependent setup times. In COPLAS 2011 Proceedings of the Workshopon Constraint Satisfaction Techniques for Planning and Scheduling Problems, pp. 15-22.Pezzella, F., Morganti, G., & Ciaschetti, G. (2008). A genetic algorithm for the Flexible Job-shop Scheduling Problem. Computers & Operations Research, 35(10), 3202-3212. doi:10.1016/j.cor.2007.02.014Sadrzadeh, A. (2013). Development of Both the AIS and PSO for Solving the Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 38(12), 3593-3604. doi:10.1007/s13369-013-0625-ySaidi-Mehrabad, M., & Fattahi, P. (2006). Flexible job shop scheduling with tabu search algorithms. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 32(5-6), 563-570. doi:10.1007/s00170-005-0375-4Vilcot, G., & Billaut, J.-C. (2011). A tabu search algorithm for solving a multicriteria flexible job shop scheduling problem. International Journal of Production Research, 49(23), 6963-6980. doi:10.1080/00207543.2010.526016Shi-Jin, W., Bing-Hai, Z., & Li-Feng, X. (2008). A filtered-beam-search-based heuristic algorithm for flexible job-shop scheduling problem. International Journal of Production Research, 46(11), 3027-3058. doi:10.1080/00207540600988105Wang, S., & Yu, J. (2010). An effective heuristic for flexible job-shop scheduling problem with maintenance activities. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 59(3), 436-447. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2010.05.016Zandieh, M., Yazdani, M., Gholami, M., & Mousakhani, M. (2009). A Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling Problem. Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(4), 662-670. doi:10.3923/jas.2009.662.670Zambrano Rey, G., Bekrar, A., Prabhu, V., & Trentesaux, D. (2014). Coupling a genetic algorithm with the distributed arrival-time control for the JIT dynamic scheduling of flexible job-shops. International Journal of Production Research, 52(12), 3688-3709. doi:10.1080/00207543.2014.881575Zhang, G., Gao, L., & Shi, Y. (2011). An effective genetic algorithm for the flexible job-shop scheduling problem. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(4), 3563-3573. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2010.08.145Zhang, G., Shao, X., Li, P., & Gao, L. (2009). An effective hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm for multi-objective flexible job-shop scheduling problem. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 56(4), 1309-1318. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2008.07.021Zhou, Y., Li, B., & Yang, J. (2005). Study on job shop scheduling with sequence-dependent setup times using biological immune algorithm. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 30(1-2), 105-111. doi:10.1007/s00170-005-0022-0Ziaee, M. (2013). A heuristic algorithm for solving flexible job shop scheduling problem. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 71(1-4), 519-528. doi:10.1007/s00170-013-5510-zZribi, N., Kacem, I., Kamel, A. E., & Borne, P. (2007). Assignment and Scheduling in Flexible Job-Shops by Hierarchical Optimization. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews), 37(4), 652-661. doi:10.1109/tsmcc.2007.89749

Solving combinatorial bi-level optimization problems using multiple populations and migration schemes

In many decision making cases, we may have a hierarchical situation between different optimization tasks. For instance, in production scheduling, the evaluation of the tasks assignment to a machine requires the determination of their optimal sequencing on this machine. Such situation is usually modeled as a Bi-Level Optimization Problem (BLOP). The latter consists in optimizing an upper-level (a leader) task, while having a lower-level (a follower) optimization task as a constraint. In this way, the evaluation of any upper-level solution requires finding its corresponding lower-level (near) optimal solution, which makes BLOP resolution very computationally costly. Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) have proven their strength in solving BLOPs due to their insensitivity to the mathematical features of the objective functions such as non-linearity, non-differentiability, and high dimensionality. Moreover, EAs that are based on approximation techniques have proven their strength in solving BLOPs. Nevertheless, their application has been restricted to the continuous case as most approaches are based on approximating the lower-level optimum using classical mathematical programming and machine learning techniques. Motivated by this observation, we tackle in this paper the discrete case by proposing a Co-Evolutionary Migration-Based Algorithm, called CEMBA, that uses two populations in each level and a migration scheme; with the aim to considerably minimize the number of Function Evaluations (FEs) while ensuring good convergence towards the global optimum of the upper-level. CEMBA has been validated on a set of bi-level combinatorial production-distribution planning benchmark instances. The statistical analysis of the obtained results shows the effectiveness and efficiency of CEMBA when compared to existing state-of-the-art combinatorial bi-level EAs

Stock Market Prediction of NIFTY 50 Index Applying Machine Learning Techniques

The stock market is viewed as an unpredictable, volatile, and competitive market. The prediction of stock prices has been a challenging task for many years. In fact, many analysts are highly interested in the research area of stock price prediction. Various forecasting methods can be categorized into linear and non-linear algorithms. In this paper, we offer an overview of the use of deep learning networks for the Indian National Stock Exchange time series analysis and prediction. The networks used are Recurrent Neural Network, Long Short-Term Memory Network, and Convolutional Neural Network to predict future trends of NIFTY 50 stock prices. Comparative analysis is done using different evaluation metrics. These analysis led us to identify the impact of feature selection process and hyper-parameter optimization on prediction quality and metrics used in the prediction of stock market performance and prices. The performance of the models was quantified using MSE metric. These errors in the LSTM model are found to be lower compared to RNN and CNN models

Emotional Dynamics and Coping Mechanisms to Generate Human-Like Agent Behaviors

Emotion mechanisms represent an important moderating factor of human behavior. Thus, they are necessary to produce realistic behavioral simulations. This work addresses this challenging issue by incorporating emotional processes into an agent model. We intend to show the potential of emotions and coping mechanisms to produce fast and human-like emotional behaviors, particularly, in emergency situations. We focus on the interplay of emotions and goals and its impact on agent behavior. Emotions constitute heuristics to agent decision making. They induce emotion-specific goals that orient agent goal adoption mechanisms and fasten its behavior selection

Fuzzy Logic based Model for Energy Consumption Trust Estimation in Electric Vehicular Networks

International audienc

Many-Objective Optimization of Wireless Sensor Network Deployment

International audienceRecently, the efficient deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has become a leading field of research in WSN design optimization. Practical scenarios related to WSN deployment are often considered as optimization models with multiple conflicting objectives that are simultaneously enhanced. In the related literature, it had been shown that moving from monoobjective to multi-objective resolution of WSN deployment is beneficial. However, since the deployment of real-world WSNs encompasses more than three objectives, a multi-objective optimization may harm other deployment criteria that are conflicting with the already considered ones. Thus, our aim is to go further, explore the modeling and the resolution of WSN deployment in a many-objective (i.e., optimization with more than three objectives) fashion and especially, exhibit its added value. In this context, we first propose a manyobjective deployment model involving seven conflicting objectives, and then we solve it using an adaptation of the Decomposition-based Evolutionary Algorithm "θ-DEA". The developed adaptation is named "WSN-θ-DEA" and is validated through a detailed experimental study