Are within-subjects designs transparent?

Researchers frequently argue that within-subjects designs should be avoided because they result in research hypotheses that are transparent to the subjects in the study. This conjecture was empirically tested by replicating several classic between-subjects experiments as within-subjects designs. In two additional experiments, psychology students were given the within-subjects versions of these studies and asked to guess what the researcher was hoping to find (i.e. the research hypothesis), and members of the Society for Judgment and Decision Making (SJDM) were asked to predict how well students would perform this task. On the whole, students were unable to identify the research hypothesis when provided with the within-subjects version of the experiments. Furthermore, SJDM members were largely inaccurate in their predictions of the transparency of a within-subjects design

Are within-subjects designs transparent?

Researchers frequently argue that within-subjects designs should be avoided because they result in research hypotheses that are transparent to the subjects in the study. This conjecture was empirically tested by replicating several classic between-subjects experiments as within-subjects designs. In two additional experiments, psychology students were given the within-subjects versions of these studies and asked to guess what the researcher was hoping to find (i.e. the research hypothesis), and members of the Society for Judgment and Decision Making (SJDM) were asked to predict how well students would perform this task. On the whole, students were unable to identify the research hypothesis when provided with the within-subjects version of the experiments. Furthermore, SJDM members were largely inaccurate in their predictions of the transparency of a within-subjects design.methodology, research design.

Presumptive design : design provocations for innovation /

Chapter 6 - Make Assumptions Explicit; Overview; Revealing Assumptions Isn't Easy; Discussing Solutions, not Assumptions; Released Product is No Place to Learn What Stakeholders Need; Nonsensical Artifacts Generate Useful Results; Good Assumptions are Hard to Find; Ass. U. Me-Implicit Assumptions Make Us All Look Stupid; We Really Want to Believe; We Don't Know Anybody Else's Assumptions Either; Risk Factors; Insincerity; Not Getting to Yes; Summary; Chapter 7 - Iterate, Iterate, Iterate!; Overview; Iterating Is Not Wasted Effort; Iteration Begins Day One.Includes bibliographical references and index.Online resource; title from PDF title page (EBSCO, viewed September 22, 2015).Cover; Title Page; Copyright Page; Dedication; Table of Contents; Foreword; Preface; Why We're Excited About Presumptive Design; Who Is This Book For?; How to Use This Book; Part 1: Context (the Why); Part 2: Principles and Risks (the What); Part 3: How-To Manual and Recipes (the How); Appendices; On a Personal Note; Acknowledgments; Part 1 -- Context; Chapter 1 -- Introducing Presumptive Design; Overview; This Book's Value Proposition; A Twist to the Familiar; Agile Culture; Participatory; A High-Wire Act; Rapid Prototyping; The Five Principles of Presumptive Design; Design to Fail.Create, Discover, AnalyzeCreate; Discover; Analyze; Make Assumptions Explicit; Iterate, Iterate, Iterate; The Faster You Go, the Sooner You'll Know; Have Fun!; So, Why Bother?; Chapter 2 -- PrD and Design Thinking; Overview; Design Thinking; A Brief Review of Design Thinking Models; The IIT School of Thought; Charles Owen; Vijay Kumar/Steve Sato Model; Bill Buxton and Paul Laseau's Models; The UK Design Council Double Diamond Diagram; PrD and Sato's Design Thinking Model; How PrD Accelerates Learning; How PrD Differs from Traditional UCD; The Traditional (Waterfall) UCD Cycle.The PrD (Agile) ApproachSummary; Chapter 3 -- PrD and an Agile Way of Business; Overview; The Changing Nature of Business Strategy; An Agile Notion of Strategy; Knowledge and Decision Frameworks; Snowden's Cynefin Framework; PrD in the Context of Unknowns ; Disruptive Innovation and PrD; Disruptive Innovation; Increasing the Value of Ideas in the Innovation Funnel; A Hypothetical Example; PrD in a Culture of Agility; A Culture of Agility; PrD, Design Thinking, and Business Value; Summary; Part 2 -- Principles and Risks; Chapter 4 -- Design to Fail; Overview.We're Going to Fail-It's a Question of When and by How MuchDesigning the Right Thing; There's Nothing Wrong About Being Wrong; We Seek Intelligent Failures; Risk Factors; Conclusion; Summary; Chapter 5 -- Create, Discover, Analyze; Overview; Begin at the End; The Artifact Provokes Discovery; Analyze What They Mean, Not Just What We Heard; Taking the Low Road; High-Fidelity Artifacts Look and Feel Like Finished Products; Low-Fidelity Artifacts Cost Less; Risk Factors; Effort; Reality, Timidity, and Incrementalism; Missing the Point; Focusing on the Small; Hiding in Plain Sight; Diminished Value.Chapter 6 - Make Assumptions Explicit; Overview; Revealing Assumptions Isn't Easy; Discussing Solutions, not Assumptions; Released Product is No Place to Learn What Stakeholders Need; Nonsensical Artifacts Generate Useful Results; Good Assumptions are Hard to Find; Ass. U. Me-Implicit Assumptions Make Us All Look Stupid; We Really Want to Believe; We Don't Know Anybody Else's Assumptions Either; Risk Factors; Insincerity; Not Getting to Yes; Summary; Chapter 7 - Iterate, Iterate, Iterate!; Overview; Iterating Is Not Wasted Effort; Iteration Begins Day One.Elsevie

Psychology is a Developmental Science

In this paper we argue that psychology should be understood as a developmental science, and we place the discipline squarely in the realm of the natural sciences. The case is made that scientific progress in psychology has been (and still is) impeded by prolonged misadventures down conceptual dead ends such as biological reductionism, the nature/nurture debate, evolutionary psychology, and the persistent insistence on emphasizing dependent variables that defy observation and measurement, such as “mind” and cognitive modules. We take issue with the behavior geneticist’s approach to psychology while making the case that many psychologists and biologists today seem wholly unaware of many of the most recent experimental results in the area of molecular genetics, especially as they relate to development. We propose that such results, as well as those in the area of nonlinear dynamics, support a developmental systems perspective of psychology emphasizing the epigenetic nature of development as well as the importance and reality of emergent properties in psychology in particular and science in general. Whereas we do not dismiss the significance of biological processes for a full appreciation of behavioral origins, we understand biology to merely be one of many participating factors for psychology

Psychology is a Developmental Science

In this paper we argue that psychology should be understood as a developmental science, and we place the discipline squarely in the realm of the natural sciences. The case is made that scientific progress in psychology has been (and still is) impeded by prolonged misadventures down conceptual dead ends such as biological reductionism, the nature/nurture debate, evolutionary psychology, and the persistent insistence on emphasizing dependent variables that defy observation and measurement, such as “mind” and cognitive modules. We take issue with the behavior geneticist’s approach to psychology while making the case that many psychologists and biologists today seem wholly unaware of many of the most recent experimental results in the area of molecular genetics, especially as they relate to development. We propose that such results, as well as those in the area of nonlinear dynamics, support a developmental systems perspective of psychology emphasizing the epigenetic nature of development as well as the importance and reality of emergent properties in psychology in particular and science in general. Whereas we do not dismiss the significance of biological processes for a full appreciation of behavioral origins, we understand biology to merely be one of many participating factors for psychology