Characterization and Electrical Conductivity of Electron Beam Irradiated Metal Phthalocyanine Complexes

Variation of DC electrical conductivity with temperature from 273-473 K of electron beam irradiated Tetra-nitro zinc, and Cu-Pcs,   were carried out. It   shows semiconductor behavior and resistivity varies from 0.043×10 5 Ω -cm to 64.61×10 5 Ω -cm for all complexes. Variation of conductivity with temperature shows two straight lines of different slopes the first line (LT), resembles the α– phase, (Ea 1 ) = 0.226 eV while the second line at 362 K resembles the β - phase (Ea 2 ) = 0.460 eV (for Cu- Pcs). The β -phase shows higher activation energy than the α -phase, and the X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the crystals are monoclinic. The conductivity is explained on the basis of Davis and Mott model. The conduction mechanism at lower temperature is explained in terms of hoping through a band of localized states and at higher temperatures in terms of thermal excitation of carriers to the band edge

Microcrystalline parameters of cu-zn ferrites using x-ray line profile analysis

Cu-Zn ferrites are synthesized by double sintering ceramic method. X-ray analysis of Cu-Zn ferrite shows the single phase spinel structure. The structural and microstructural parameters have been computed using X-ray diffraction data. Using CheckCell program, the Bragg reflections have been indexed. The estimated microstructural parameters have been correlated with the reported physical parameters. In the present paper, an analytical asymmetric function like exponential distribution function was used to describe the paracrystalline statistics of column length distribution in Cu-Zn ferrites and a good convergence was observed with this function

Microcrystalline parameters of Cu-Zn ferrites using X-ray line profile analysis

715-718Cu-Zn ferrites are synthesized by double sintering ceramic method. X-ray analysis of Cu-Zn ferrite shows the single phase spinel structure. The structural and microstructural parameters have been computed using X-ray diffraction data. Using CheckCell program, the Bragg reflections have been indexed. The estimated microstructural parameters have been correlated with the reported physical parameters. In the present paper, an analytical asymmetric function like exponential distribution function was used to describe the paracrystalline statistics of column length distribution in Cu-Zn ferrites and a good convergence was observed with this function

Frustration Potential of Delinquent Adolescents

Aims: To identify the magnitude of different modes and global frustration, to find out the effect of domicile on level of frustration of delinquent adolescents and normal adolescents. Study Design: Present one was a comparative study to assess frustration potential of delinquent adolescents and normal adolescents. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Delinquent adolescents (Observation Homes at Bangalore, Mysore, Shimoga and Dharwad cities of Karnataka State) and normal adolescents (Karnatak Public High School, Karnatak College, K E Board School and Basel Mission High School located in Dharwad City of Karnataka State), between August 2005 and September 2007. Methodology: After choosing the Observation Homes the delinquent subjects, those fall within the age group mentioned below, was selected on random method. Even in selecting the normal adolescents the same procedure was followed. The interview method of data collection was used to get more accurate responses by the subjects. Sample: We included 321 subjects comprising of delinquent adolescents and normal adolescents. Their age ranged between 14-18 years. Accordingly the scale suitable for this group was used to assess frustration level. In the delinquent adolescents group the male adolescents who had committed offense and conformed cases of offenses under Indian Penal Code (IPC) were selected. The comparison group of adolescents consisted of normal adolescents without having any delinquent background and studying in 8th grade to II pre-university course. The selected subjects were administered individually with frustration test. After calculating mean and SD for the groups‘t’ analyses were carried out. Results: Out of 321 adolescents, 150 were delinquent adolescents and 171 were normal adolescents. Significant high mean scores (157.17 on global frustration, 40.48 on regression, 39.99 on fixation, 38.53 on resignation, 38.17 on aggression modes of frustration) were found for delinquent adolescents and low mean scores (95.53 on global frustration, 28.36 on regression, 22.89 on fixation, 17.58 on resignation, 26.70 on aggression modes of frustration) for the normal adolescents. ‘t’ analysis revealed significant difference between both the groups and it was found that the delinquent adolescents have high frustration potential. Results related to domicile effect on global frustration revealed that there was no much difference between the rural and the urban delinquent adolescents, the mean scores difference between them were not larger (rural delinquent adolescents 158.52, and urban delinquent adolescents 156.92). ‘t’ analysis revealed non-significant difference between the rural and the urban delinquent adolescents. However, mean scores difference between the rural and the urban normal adolescents were found to be larger (rural normal adolescents 99.26 and urban normal adolescents 91.48). Further, ‘t’ analysis revealed significant higher frustration potential among the rural normal adolescents than the urban normal adolescents. Conclusion: The frustration potential is higher among the delinquent adolescents on global frustration and on different modes than the normal adolescents. Hence psychological counseling in the rehabilitation process should be essential for these adolescents. Irrespective of the domicile, the delinquent adolescents are prone for higher frustration, but among the normal adolescents only the rural adolescents are found to be prone for higher frustration potential

Study on Low Temperature DC Electrical Conductivity of SnO2 Nanomaterial Synthesized by Simple Gel Combustion Method

Nanocrystalline tin oxide (SnO2) material of different particle size was synthesized using gel combustion method by varying oxidizer (HNO3) and keeping fuel as a constant. The prepared samples were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Analysis X-ray Spectroscope (EDAX). The effect of oxidizer in the gel combustion method was investigated by inspecting the particle size of nano SnO2 powder. The particle size was found to be increases with the increase of oxidizer from 8 to 12 moles. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the calcined product showed the formation of high purity tetragonal tin (IV) oxide with the particle size in the range of 17 to 31 nm which was calculated by Scherer's formula. The particles and temperature dependence of direct (DC) electrical conductivity of SnO2 nanomaterial was studied using Keithley source meter. The DC electrical conductivity of SnO2 nanomaterial increases with the temperature from 80 to 300K and decrease with the particle size at constant temperature

Dielectric properties of polycrystalline Cu-Zn ferrites at microwave frequencies

The real dielectric constant epsilon `' and complex dielectric constant epsilon `' of Cu(1-x)Zn(x)Fe(2)O(4) have been measured at room temperature in the high frequency range 1MHz to 1.8 GHz. At low frequencies the dielectric loss is found to be constant up to 1.4GHz and there is a sudden rise at 1.5 GHz. A qualitative explanation is given for the composition, frequency dependence of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of Cu(1-x)Zn(x) Fe(2)O(4). These are correlated with the W-H plot which gives the information about change in the average crystal size and strain of the samples. The micro-morphological features of the samples were obtained by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The micrograph shows that the increase of the Zn content in Cu ferrite increases the grain size. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Study on Low Temperature DC Electrical Conductivity of SnO2 Nanomaterial Synthesized by Simple Gel Combustion Method

Nanocrystalline tin oxide (SnO2) material of different particle size was synthesized using gel combustion method by varying oxidizer (HNO3) and keeping fuel as a constant. The prepared samples were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Analysis X-ray Spectroscope (EDAX). The effect of oxidizer in the gel combustion method was investigated by inspecting the particle size of nano SnO2 powder. The particle size was found to be increases with the increase of oxidizer from 8 to 12 moles. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the calcined product showed the formation of high purity tetragonal tin (IV) oxide with the particle size in the range of 17 to 31 nm which was calculated by Scherer's formula. The particles and temperature dependence of direct (DC) electrical conductivity of SnO2 nanomaterial was studied using Keithley source meter. The DC electrical conductivity of SnO2 nanomaterial increases with the temperature from 80 to 300K and decrease with the particle size at constant temperature

Dielectric and magnetic properties of high porous Gd+3 substituted nickel zinc ferrite nanoparticles

We report on the synthesis and characterization of Gd+3 substituted Ni-Zn nano ferrites (Ni0.6Zn0.4 GdyFe2-yO4; y = 0, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) via low-temperature citrate gel auto-combustion method. The structural studies carried out by PXRD revealed a decrease in the lattice constant and crystallite sizes upon Gd+3 substitution with low concentration but increases with further increase in the concentration. We found the porosity of the samples decreases linearly as a function of Gd+3 concentrations. Well defined spherical grains with a higher porosity of the samples are confirmed by FESEM analysis. With an increase in the Gd+3 concentrations, the dielectric constant increased up to five folds in the magnitude. The contribution of grain boundary and other factors on the electrical properties was revealed by impedance spectroscopy. The reduced remanence ratios showed in the magnetic hysteresis imply the charge in change in the magnetic properties upon the substitution of Gd+3 in the prepared ferrite