Assemblage et spécificité des complexes acétyltransférases de la famille MYST

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdorales, 2014-2015La chromatine est une structure nucléaire composée des histones, autour desquelles l’ADN s’enroule pour être empaqueté dans le noyau. La dynamique de cette structure permet de réguler plusieurs procédés nucléaires, tels que la transcription, la réplication et la réparation de l’ADN. Il existe, entre autre, des complexes de modifications de la chromatine qui collaborent à la régulation de ces différentes fonctions nucléaires. Les acétyltransférases de la famille MYST participent à l’acétylation des queues N-term des histones. Très conservées de la levure à l’humain, elles possèdent des rôles importants dans plusieurs processus cellulaires. Deux des complexes MYST ont été au cœur de mes études doctorales, soit le complexe HBO1 et MOZ/MORF. Mon projet de doctorat avait comme premier objectif de disséquer les différents domaines protéiques présents au sein de ces deux complexes et de caractériser leurs interactions soit avec les autres sous-unités, soit avec la chromatine. Par des analyses biochimiques, nous avons déterminé le mode d’assemblage des complexes MYST. Nous avons également caractérisé leurs différents domaines de reconnaissance de modifications post-traductionnelles des histones, afin de déterminer leur mode de recrutement. Des analyses à l’échelle du génome entier nous ont aussi permis de localiser ces protéines à des loci bien précis. De plus, il nous a été possible de constater l’importance de l’association des protéines INGs sur la fonction suppresseur de tumeur du complexe HBO1-JADE. Suite à une purification de la protéine BRPF1, j’ai pu constater l’association de HBO1 avec cette protéine. Comme deuxième objectif de thèse, j’ai donc eu à caractériser le nouveau complexe HBO1-BRPF1 et à démontrer sa spécificité d’acétylation. En utilisant des essais d’acétylation in vitro combinés à des expériences d’immunoprécipitation de la chromatine, j’ai pu établir un nouveau mode de régulation de l’activité acétyltransférase de la protéine HBO1. Ce mécanisme étonnant démontre un changement de spécificité de l’activité catalytique des MYST en fonction de leur association aux protéines d’échafaudage. Tous ces résultats démontrent donc qu’il est important de considérer l’ensemble des sous-unités des complexes MYST, car elles sont toutes aussi importantes que l’enzyme pour la reconnaissance, la spécificité d’acétylation ainsi que les fonctions cellulaires de ces complexes.Chromatin is a nuclear structure formed by DNA that is wrapped around histone octamers, allowing for its compaction in the nucleus. This structure is dynamic and regulates many nuclear processes, such as transcription, replication and DNA repair. Among other factors, complexes that modify chromatin collaborate for the regulation of these nuclear functions. The MYST acetyltransferase family participate in the acetylation of histone N-term tails. Highly conserved from yeast to human, they play various roles in many cellular pathways. During my PhD, I have focused on two of these MYST acetyltransferases, HBO1 and MOZ/MORF. The first objective of my project was to dissect the different protein domains comprised within these complexes and define their interactions either with other subunits or with chromatin. Using biochemical experiments, we brought to the forefront the assembly mechanism of the MYST complexes. Additionally, we characterized their chromatin recognition domains, which helped us determine their recruitment mechanism. Genome-wide analysis also gave us the precise localisation of these proteins on many loci. Moreover, we could determine that the association with ING subunits is essential for the tumor suppressor function of these complexes. Following purification of the BRPF1 protein, we could detect binding of the HBO1 protein. Thus, the second objective of my PhD project was to characterize the newly identified HBO1-BRPF1 complex and determine its acetylation specificity. Using in vitro acetylation assays combined with chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, we unravelled a new regulation mechanism of the HBO1 acetyltransferase activity. This surprising mechanism shows a switch of histone tail acetylation specificity depending of the associated scaffold proteins, an activity previously thought to be intrinsic to the catalytic subunit. These data highlight a new role of the associated scaffold subunits within MYST-ING acetyltransferase complexes in directing the acetylation of specific histone tails. Altogether, these results demonstrate that it is important to consider MYST acetyltransferases as complexes, since their different subunits contribute to chromatin recognition, acetylation specificity and cellular functions

Impacts fonctionnels des polymorphismes dans les promoteurs des gènes de l’apoptose

La susceptibilité ou la résistance aux cancers peuvent impliquer plusieurs mécanismes, incluant l’apoptose, la croissance cellulaire et la différenciation, la réplication et la réparation de l’ADN. Mon projet porte plus particulièrement sur l’apoptose. Une dérégulation dans les voies d’activation de l’apoptose entraîne une accumulation de cellules déréglées, créant ainsi un environnement propice à l’instabilité génétique et au développement du cancer. Comme l’apoptose est une voie biologique hautement régulée, nous proposons l’hypothèse que des polymorphismes « fonctionnels » dans les régions de régulations des gènes (rSNPs) perturberaient cette voie à cause de taux variables de transcrits et des protéines correspondantes dû à la modification des sites de reconnaissances des facteurs de transcription. Les principaux objectifs de mon projet sont : (i) identifier les SNPs présents dans la région promotrice des gènes d’apoptose; (ii) déterminer les haplotypes de promoteurs les plus fréquents présents dans la population générale; (rHaps) (iii) vérifier leurs impacts fonctionnels sur l’expression génique par des essais in vitro (gène rapporteur et retard sur gel). Cette étude permettra d’identifier des rSNPs et rHaps ayant un impact sur le niveau d’expression des gènes d’apoptose, au moins dans un contexte in vitro. Ces différences alléliques au niveau de l’expression de ces gènes d’apoptose pourraient contribuer à la susceptibilité interindividuelle de développer un cancer.Cancer susceptibility can involve many different mechanisms, including apoptosis, cell growth, cell differentiation, DNA replication and DNA repair. My project focuses on the apoptosis pathway. Decreased apoptosis level can lead to the accumulation of dysregulated cells, creating a favourable environment for genetic instability and tumorigenesis. Since apoptosis is a highly regulated pathway, the hypothesis of this project is that functional polymorphisms (rSNPs) in the regulatory regions of apoptosis genes such as promoters could create or disrupt transcription factor binding sites and modify their transcription levels. The main objectives of my project are: (i) Identify rSNPs in promoter regions of apoptosis genes; (ii) Calculate the frequent promoter haplotypes (rHaps) in general population; (iii) Validate their functional impact on gene expression with in vitro assays (gene reporter and gel shift). This study will allow identification of rSNPs and rHaps that could influence apoptosis gene expression levels, at least in the in vitro context. These allelic differences of expression in apoptosis genes could contribute to interindividual cancer susceptibility

Tandem PHD Fingers of MORF/MOZ Acetyltransferases Display Selectivity for Acetylated Histone H3 and Are Required for the Association with Chromatin

MORF (monocytic leukemia zinc-finger protein (MOZ)-related factor) and MOZ are catalytic subunits of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes essential in hematopoiesis, neurogenesis, skeletogenesis and other developmental programs and implicated in human leukemias. The canonical HAT domain of MORF/MOZ is preceded by a tandem of plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers whose biological roles and requirements for MORF/MOZ activity are unknown. Here we demonstrate that the tandem PHD1/2 fingers of MORF recognize the N-terminal tail of histone H3. Acetylation of Lys9 (H3K9ac) or Lys14 (H3K14ac) enhances binding of MORF PHD1/2 to unmodified H3 peptides two to three fold. The selectivity for acetylated H3 tail is conserved in the double PHD1/2 fingers of MOZ. This interaction requires the intact N-terminus of histone H3 and is inhibited by trimethylation of Lys4. Biochemical analysis using NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy and mutagenesis identified key amino acids of MORF PHD1/2 necessary for the interaction with histones. Fluorescence microscopy and immunoprecipitation experiments reveal that both PHD fingers are required for binding to H3K14ac in vivo and localization to chromatin. The HAT assays indicate that the interaction with H3K14ac may promote enzymatic activity in trans. Together, our data suggest that the PHD1/2 fingers play a role in MOZ/MORF HATs association with the chromatic regions enriched in acetylated marks

The oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate activates the mTOR signalling pathway

The identification of cancer-associated mutations in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) highlights the prevailing notion that aberrant metabolic function can contribute to carcinogenesis. IDH1/2 normally catalyse the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate (αKG). In gliomas and acute myeloid leukaemias, IDH1/2 mutations confer gain-of-function leading to production of the oncometabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) from αKG. Here we show that generation of 2HG by mutated IDH1/2 leads to the activation of mTOR by inhibiting KDM4A, an αKG-dependent enzyme of the Jumonji family of lysine demethylases. Furthermore, KDM4A associates with the DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR), a negative regulator of mTORC1/2. Depletion of KDM4A decreases DEPTOR protein stability. Our results provide an additional molecular mechanism for the oncogenic activity of mutant IDH1/2 by revealing an unprecedented link between TCA cycle defects and positive modulation of mTOR function downstream of the canonical PI3K/AKT/TSC1-2 pathway

Identification of functional DNA variants in the constitutive promoter region of <it>MDM2</it>

Abstract Although mutations in the oncoprotein murine double minute 2 (MDM2) are rare, MDM2 gene overexpression has been observed in several human tumors. Given that even modest changes in MDM2 levels might influence the p53 tumor suppressor signaling pathway, we postulated that sequence variation in the promoter region of MDM2 could lead to disregulated expression and variation in gene dosage. Two promoters have been reported for MDM2; an internal promoter (P2), which is located near the end of intron 1 and is p53-responsive, and an upstream constitutive promoter (P1), which is p53-independent. Both promoter regions contain DNA variants that could influence the expression levels of MDM2, including the well-studied single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) SNP309, which is located in the promoter P2; i.e., upstream of exon 2. In this report, we screened the promoter P1 for DNA variants and assessed the functional impact of the corresponding SNPs. Using the dbSNP database and genotyping validation in individuals of European descent, we identified three common SNPs (−1494 G > A; indel 40 bp; and −182 C > G). Three major promoter haplotypes were inferred by using these three promoter SNPs together with rs2279744 (SNP309). Following subcloning into a gene reporter system, we found that two of the haplotypes significantly influenced MDM2 promoter activity in a haplotype-specific manner. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that the 40 bp insertion/deletion variation is causing the observed allelic promoter activity. This study suggests that part of the variability in the MDM2 expression levels could be explained by allelic p53-independent P1 promoter activity.</p

BRPF3-HBO1 regulates replication origin activation and histone H3K14 acetylation

During DNA replication, thousands of replication origins are activated across the genome. Chromatin architecture contributes to origin specification and usage, yet it remains unclear which chromatin features impact on DNA replication. Here, we perform a RNAi screen for chromatin regulators implicated in replication control by measuring RPA accumulation upon replication stress. We identify six factors required for normal rates of DNA replication and characterize a function of the bromodomain and PHD finger‐containing protein 3 (BRPF3) in replication initiation. BRPF3 forms a complex with HBO1 that specifically acetylates histone H3K14, and genomewide analysis shows high enrichment of BRPF3, HBO1 and H3K14ac at ORC1‐binding sites and replication origins found in the vicinity of TSSs. Consistent with this, BRPF3 is necessary for H3K14ac at selected origins and efficient origin activation. CDC45 recruitment, but not MCM2‐7 loading, is impaired in BRPF3‐depleted cells, identifying a BRPF3‐dependent function of HBO1 in origin activation that is complementary to its role in licencing. We thus propose that BRPF3‐HBO1 acetylation of histone H3K14 around TSS facilitates efficient activation of nearby replication origins

Tandem PHD Fingers of MORF/MOZ Acetyltransferases Display Selectivity for Acetylated Histone H3 and Are Required for the Association with Chromatin

MORF (monocytic leukemia zinc-finger protein (MOZ)-related factor) and MOZ are catalytic subunits of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes essential in hematopoiesis, neurogenesis, skeletogenesis and other developmental programs and implicated in human leukemias. The canonical HAT domain of MORF/MOZ is preceded by a tandem of plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers whose biological roles and requirements for MORF/MOZ activity are unknown. Here we demonstrate that the tandem PHD1/2 fingers of MORF recognize the N-terminal tail of histone H3. Acetylation of Lys9 (H3K9ac) or Lys14 (H3K14ac) enhances binding of MORF PHD1/2 to unmodified H3 peptides two to three fold. The selectivity for acetylated H3 tail is conserved in the double PHD1/2 fingers of MOZ. This interaction requires the intact N-terminus of histone H3 and is inhibited by trimethylation of Lys4. Biochemical analysis using NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy and mutagenesis identified key amino acids of MORF PHD1/2 necessary for the interaction with histones. Fluorescence microscopy and immunoprecipitation experiments reveal that both PHD fingers are required for binding to H3K14ac in vivo and localization to chromatin. The HAT assays indicate that the interaction with H3K14ac may promote enzymatic activity in trans. Together, our data suggest that the PHD1/2 fingers play a role in MOZ/MORF HATs association with the chromatic regions enriched in acetylated marks