Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Bawang Putih (Allium sativum) Terhadap Struktur Histologis Hepar Mencit (Mus musculus) yang Diinduksi Parasetamol

Konsumsi parasetamol dosis toksik dapat mengakibatkan stres oksidatif hepar. Efek stres oksidatif ini dapat dikurangi dengan pemberian antioksidan dari bawang putih (Alliumsativum). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak bawang putih terhadap struktur histologis hepar mencit (Mus musculus) dan peningkatan dosis dapat meningkatkan efek perlindungan terhadap struktur histologis hepar mencit yang diinduksi parasetamol dosis toksik. Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian laboratorium eksperimental. Hewan uji yang digunakan adalah mencit jantan galur Swiss webster berusia 2-3 bulan, berat ±20 gram. Sampel 30 mencit diambil secara incidental sampling. Sampel dibagi secara random menjadi 5 kelompok, setiap kelompok terdiri 6 mencit. Kelompok Kontrol Normal (KKN) mendapatkan akuades. Kelompok Kontrol Induksi (KKI) mendapatkan perlakuan akuades dan parasetamol (5mg/hari) pada tujuh hari terakhir. Kelompok Perlakuan 1 (KP1), Kelompok Perlakuan 2 (KP2), dan Kelompok Perlakuan 3 (KP3) secara berturut-turut diberi ekstrak bawang putih (Allium sativum) dengan dosis 2 mg/hari, 5 mg/hari, dan 10mg/hari selama 30 hari, kemudian juga diberikan parasetamol (5 mg/ hari) pada tujuh hari terakhir. Pada hari ke 31 mencit dikorbankan dan hepar diambil dan dibuat preparat dengan pengecatan HE. Preparat histologi hepar dinilai berdasarkan jumlah hepatosit yang intinya mengalami piknosis, karioreksis, dan kariolisis. Data yang didapatkan dianalisis menggunakan uji One-Way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan uji Post hoc Multiple Comparison (α=0,05). Hasil Penelitian. Rerata hepatosit yang rusak pada kelompok KKN 8,75±3,957; KKI 49,00±6,701; KP1 41,33±5.449; KP2 20,53±3,964; dan KP3 21,58±4,750. Dari uji One-Way ANOVA didapatkan nilai p sebesar 0,000 (p<0,05). Hasil uji Post hoc multiple comparisons menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antara KKN-KKI, KKN-KP1, KKN-KKP2, KKN-KP3, KKI-KP1, KKI-KP2, KKI-KP3, KP1-KP2, KP1-KP3, tetapi antara KP2-KP3 terdapat perbedaan yang tidak bermakna. Simpulan Penelitian. Ekstrak bawang putih dapat melindungi struktur histologis hepar mencit yang diinduksi parasetamol dosis toksik. Peningkatan dosis ekstrak bawang putih dari dosis 2mg/hari hingga dosis 5mg/hari dapat meningkatkan efek perlindungan struktur histologis hepar mencit yang diinduksi parasetamol dosis toksik. Kata Kunci: Bawang putih (Allium sativum), paracetamol, hepar, mencit ABSTRACT Background.Consuming paracetamol in toxic dose can cause oxidative stress to the liver. This oxidative stress effect can be decreased by giving antioxidant agent contained in garlic . This study aims to know protective effect of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on liver histological structure of mice (Mus musculus) induced by toxic dose of paracetamol and to know the effect of increasing dose of the extract on its protective effect. Methods. This study was experimental laboratoric research. The samples were Swiss webster mice, 2-3 month old, and ±20 grams weight. The samples were randomly divided into 5 groups, which each group consisted of 6 mice. Mice in Normal Control Group (KKN) got distilled water, Induced Control Group (KKI) got distilled water and toxic dose of paracetamol (5mg per day) for last 7 days. Mice in Treated Group 1 (KP1), Treated Group 2 (KP2), Treated Group 3 (KP3), consecutively got 2mg, 5mg, and 20mg per day of garlic extract for 30 days and the last 7 days they got toxic dose of paracetamol (5mg per day). In 31st day mice were sacrificed and the liver were taken and stained with HE for histological preparation. Histological preparation were evaluated by counting hepatocytes which had pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis. The data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and using Post hoc Multiple Comparisons (α=0.05). Results. Mean of damaged hepatocytes in the group of KKN, KKI, KP1, KP2, and KP3 were 8.75±3.957; 49.00±6.701; 41.33±5.449; 20.53±3.964; and 21.58±4.750. The One-Way ANOVA test showed that p value was 0.000 (p<0.05). The Post hoc Multiple Comparisons showed that there were significant differences between KKN-KKI, KKN-KP1, KKN-KKP2, KKN-KP3, KKI-KP1, KKI-KP2, KKI-KP3, KP1-KP2, KP1-KP3. But the difference between KKP2-KKP3 was not significant. Conclusion.Garlic (Allium sativum) extract was able to protect liver histological structure of mice induced by toxic dose of paracetamol. Increasing dose of Garlic (Allium sativum) extract from 2mg to 5mg per day was able to increase the protective effect of liver histological structure of mice induced by toxic dose of paracetamol. Keyword: Garlic (Allium sativum), Paracetamol, Liver, Mic

Determination of iodine value of palm oil by differential scanning calorimetry

Iodine value (IV) is used as a parameter in process control as well as a quality parameter in traded palm oil products. IV measures the number of double bonds in the molecular structure of an oil. To form a double bond, carbon requires more energy (615 kJ/mol) than to form a single bond (350 kJ/mol). Therefore, the thermal behavior of an oil could reflect its iodine value. This study was conducted to demonstrate the use of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) to determine the IV of palm oil and its products as an attempt to reduce the use of chemicals in the analysis. The DSC thermograms of palm oil showed a clear separation of the substances that have low melting points (low-T), consisting of triunsaturated, monosaturated and disaturated triglycerides, from the high ones (high-T), consisting of trisaturated triglycerides. Regression analysis showed that the peak characteristics, namely, area and height of the low-T group and height of the high-T group in the heating thermogram and also the height of the high-T group in the cooling thermogram, can predict the IV of palm oil with R 2 higher than 0.99. This study concludes that DSC can be used to determine the IV of palm oil and its products

Randomness test of fatty acids distribution in triacylglycerol molecules of palm oil

For food purposes, the palm oil is generally fractionated to solid (stearin) and liquid (olein) fractions. Distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols of palm oil determines the fate of fractionation in terms of yield and quality of the products, specifically the liquid fraction or olein. The more trisaturated and triunsaturated and the less mono- and disaturated will yield higher and better quality olein. There are six types of fatty acids found in the palm oil, but only 14 combinations are found in the triacylglycerols. In this study, such combinations were statistically tested to determine whether or not the fatty acids are randomly distributed, and if it was not, toward which direction the regulatory agent works. The distribution of fatty acids in the palm oil triacylglycerols was found to be nonrandomly distributed. Unfortunately, the palm tended to form 11.98% higher disaturated triacylglycerols, −7.4% less triunsaturated, and −4.25% less trisaturated compared to when the arrangement was random. If manipulation could be induced in such a way that the synthesis of triacylglycerols becomes random, the triunsaturated and trisaturated triacylglycerol proportion expectedly would increased to 12.57% and 12.43%, respectively. Such manipulation can be done in the plant through genetic engineering, or in the harvestedpuit through application of stimulant, or in the oil through chemical or enzymatic transesterification

Modifikasi Teknik Tsay Dalam Analisis Intervensi

Ada dua kelemahanan dalam analisis intervensi dengan teknik Tsay yaitu keterbatasannya dalam mendeteksi perubahan ragam yang terjadi dekat dengan ujung seri dan ketiadaan ujiawal untuk mendeteksi keberadaan intervensi. Dalam studi ini, kelemahan tersebut dikaji dan alternatif pemecahannya disarankan.Kajian ini mendapatkan bahwa kuasa uji yang dikembangkan oleh Inclan & Tiao lebih besar dari kuasa uji Tsay dan dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi perubahan ragam yang terjadi dekat dengan ujung seri. Untuk ujiawal, kajian ini mengusulkan penggunaan test kurtosis dan kecondongan. Oleh karena itu disimpulkan bahwa uji perubahan ragam dalam analisis intervensi dengan teknik Tsay perlu digantikan dengan uji Inclan & Tiao dan uji kecondongan dan kurtosis perlu diintroduksikan sebagai ujiawal kehadiran intervensi di dalam seri.Kata kunci: analisis intervensi, uji perubahan ragam, kecondongan, kurtosi

Structural change of palm oil price data

The changes on the vegetables oil trading environment might change the foundation of palm oil pricing and induce a structural change to the price model. Failing to take it account the structural change in a data series might lead to misspecification of the actual model. This study, however, showed that structural change was not present in the monthly, January 1983 to July 1995, palm oil price, but it was present on the unconditional variance. The underlying model of this series was ARIMA (3, 1, 0) with ARCH (1). The critical change of the unconditional variance took place in April 1989