EVALUATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HYPERTENSION AND BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL- A DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATIONAL STUDY.

Background: Hyperglycemia is a condition where the body experiences an increase in blood glucose levels and insulin can’t be used appropriately. Patients with diabetes mellitus experience hyperglycemia where there is an increased level of angiotensin hormone which can cause hypertension. The main approach of this study is to correlate the association of blood glucose levels with hypertension. Materials and methods: The type of this study was descriptive correlation. A total of 210 subjects were selected for this study of which only 166 samples were the responders and a Random sampling technique was used to analyze the subjects. The level of blood glucose was examined with semi-automated analyzer and a sphygmomanometer was used for blood pressure analysis. Results: The obtained data were integrated with “The Pearson correlation test”. Of the total population included in this study, females were the responders and most of the responders had “Diabetes mellitus”. Conclusions: Samples with high levels of blood glucose had a great risk of high blood pressure. The level of Blood glucose is interrelated with the level of blood pressure in individuals with the condition of hypertension. Recommendation: It is recommended for aged people to always maintain their blood glucose level to lower their risk of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension

ASSOCIATION OF SERUM CHLORIDE LEVEL WITH HYPERTENSION.

Background: The most abundant anion in our body, along with sodium, is chloride (Cl), which is primarily obtained through dietary sources. Studies indicate that greater dietary Chloride intake raises blood pressure, and higher serum Cl seems to be linked to decreased cardiovascular risk and death. This indicates that serum Chloride reflects risk pathways independent of blood pressure, serum sodium, and serum bicarbonate. It is uncertain how serum chloride affects a patient's long-term survival after developing pulmonary arterial hypertension. Methods: This study included patients with hypertension, idiopathic or heritable, who had a basic metabolic panel when they were diagnosed with hypertension. Results: Over time, serum chloride had no obvious impact on systolic blood pressure. Only serum bicarbonate among electrolytes demonstrated an independent impact on longitudinal blood pressure. Conclusion: This study has shown the association of chloride with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Recommendation: More studies are now needed to elucidate the mechanisms of the association between low serum Chloride levels and mortality outcomes if more studies confirm and extend our findings. Our findings may be applied in clinical practice to recognize persons with high-risk hypertension as Chloride measurement is a critical component of routine clinical screening.

How 'dynasty' became a modern global concept : intellectual histories of sovereignty and property

The modern concept of ‘dynasty’ is a politically-motivated modern intellectual invention. For many advocates of a strong sovereign nation-state across the nineteenth and early twentieth century, in France, Germany, and Japan, the concept helped in visualizing the nation-state as a primordial entity sealed by the continuity of birth and blood, indeed by the perpetuity of sovereignty. Hegel’s references to ‘dynasty’, read with Marx’s critique, further show how ‘dynasty’ encoded the intersection of sovereignty and big property, indeed the coming into self-consciousness of their mutual identification-in-difference in the age of capitalism. Imaginaries about ‘dynasty’ also connected national sovereignty with patriarchal authority. European colonialism helped globalize the concept in the non-European world; British India offers an exemplar of ensuing debates. The globalization of the abstraction of ‘dynasty’ was ultimately bound to the globalization of capitalist-colonial infrastructures of production, circulation, violence, and exploitation. Simultaneously, colonized actors, like Indian peasant/‘tribal’ populations, brought to play alternate precolonial Indian-origin concepts of collective regality, expressed through terms like ‘rajavamshi’ and ‘Kshatriya’. These concepts nourished new forms of democracy in modern India. Global intellectual histories can thus expand political thought today by provincializing and deconstructing Eurocentric political vocabularies and by recuperating subaltern models of collective and polyarchic power.PostprintPeer reviewe

Intratumor OX40 stimulation inhibits IRF1 expression and IL-10 production by Treg cells while enhancing CD40L expression by effector memory T cells

Treg cells maintain the tumor microenvironment in an immunosuppressive state preventing an effective anti-tumor immune response. A possible strategy to overcome Treg-cell suppression focuses on OX40, a costimulatory molecule expressed constitutively by Treg cells while being induced in activated effector T cells. OX40 stimulation, by the agonist mAb OX86, inhibits Treg-cell suppression and boosts effector T-cell activation. Here we uncover the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic activity of OX86 treatment dissecting its distinct effects on Treg and on effector memory T (Tem) cells, the most abundant CD4 + populations strongly expressing OX40 at the tumor site. In response to OX86, tumor-infiltrating Treg cells produced significantly less interleukin 10 (IL-10), possibly in relation to a decrease in the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1). Tem cells responded to OX86 by upregulating surface CD40L expression, providing a licensing signal to DCs. The CD40L/CD40 axis was required for Tem-cell-mediated in vitro DC maturation and in vivo DC migration. Accordingly, OX86 treatment was no longer therapeutic in CD40 KO mice. In conclusion, following OX40 stimulation, blockade of Treg-cell suppression and enhancement of the Tem-cell adjuvant effect both concurred to free DCs from immunosuppression and activate the immune response against the tumor. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim