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Not AvailableDNA is a hereditary molecule present in the nucleus of a cell. The small steps of humankind to know the basics & importance of this molecule in the early 19th century have now much advanced in knowledge. It is a double helical structure made of a phosphodiester backbone with nitrogenous bases inside the backbone attached by hydrogen bonds, held in a staircase manner. DNA is called the hereditary molecule as it is the first important component of the central dogma of a cell, where it stores hereditary information of an organism. This stored information is transcribed to mRNA in the cell's nucleus, translating into different kinds of proteins performing important functions for an organism. Its hereditary property comes from the fact that it can generate its identical copy through replication. Processes like mitosis and meiosis maintain their number and quantity in an organism generation after generation. The knowledge about the molecule of DNA is exponentially increasing after humankind was able to sequence it in the early 1980s. Now, DNA based advanced technologies are available and are widely used, especially in the area of crop improvement. DNA markers are one of the important technologies impacting modern crop improvement through indirect selection. An ideal DNA-based marker must be reproducible, distributed throughout the genome, preferably codominant, and must have the ability to distinguish between individuals with maximization or polymorphic in nature. Apart from DNA markers, DNA is being used in many technologies that have become an essential part of modern crop improvement programmes (Agarwal et al., 2008).Not Availabl

Odnos između mikroskopski izmjerenog i na osnovi volumena izračunatog polumjera eritrocita u bivola.

In the present study the relationship between microscopically measured radius, Rm, and radius calculated from the volume (assuming that the cell is spherical), Rc, is described. Mean Rc value was greater than the Rm value. Application of chi-square test showed that there is no variation between these two. The t-statistic was higher than the tabulated value. The correlation coefficient between Rm and Rc was 0. 7057. The regression equations for Rc upon Rm and Rm upon Rc was Rc = 0. 849Rm+0. 594 and Rm = 0. 5866Rc+0. 79865, respectively.Opisan je odnos između mikroskopski izmjerenog polumjera eritrocita (Rm) i polumjera izračunatog na osnovi volumena (Rc) pod pretpostavkom da su stanice okrugle. Srednja vrijednost Rc bila je veća od Rm srednje vrijednosti. Pomoću hi-kvadrat testa nisu ustanovljene varijacije u spomenutim značajkama. Statistički je t-vrijednost bila veća od izračunatih vrijednosti. Korelacijski koeficient između Rm i Rc iznosio je 0,7057. Regresijske jednadžbe za Rc prema Rm i Rm prema Rc iznosile su Rc = 0,849 Rm + 0,594 i Rm = 0,5866 Rc + 0,79865

2-Methylxanthen-9-one

In the title compound, C14H10O2, the tricycle is not planar, being bent with a dihedral angle of 4.7 (1)° between the two benzene rings. In the crystal, π–π inter­actions between the six-membered rings of neighbouring mol­ecules [centroid–centroid distances = 3.580 (3) and 3.605 (3) Å] form stacks propagating along [101]

Wild Progenitor and Landraces Led Genetic Gain in the Modern-Day Maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.)

Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) originated from Mexico and Central America and grew worldwide for food, feed and industrial products components. It possesses ten chromosomes with a genome size of 2.3 gigabases. Teosinte (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis) is the probable progenitor of the modern-day maize. The maize domestication favored standing gain of function and regulatory variations acquired the convergent phenotypes. The genomic loci teosinte branched 1 (tb1) and teosinte glume architecture 1 (tga1) played a central role in transforming teosinte to modern-day maize. Under domestication and crop improvement, only 2% (~1200) genes were undergone selection, out of ~60000 genes. Around ~98% of the genes have not experienced selection; there is enormous variation present in the diverse inbred lines that can be potentially utilized to identify QTLs and crop improvement through plant breeding. The genomic resources of wild relatives and landraces harbor the unexplored genes/alleles for biotic/abiotic tolerance, productivity and nutritional quality. The human-made evolution led to the transformation of wild relatives/landraces to the modern-day maize. This chapter summarized the maize’s wild relatives/landraces and the genetic gain over time in biotic/abiotic, productivity, and nutritional quality traits

Unique Fixed Point Theorems for Generalized Contractive Mappings in Partial Metric Spaces

We establish some unique fixed point theorems in complete partial metric spaces for generalized weakly -contractive mappings, containing two altering distance functions under certain assumptions. Also, we discuss some examples in support of our main results

Gene Discovery and Advances in Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] Genomics—An Important Nutri-Cereal of Future

The rapid strides in molecular marker technologies followed by genomics, and next generation sequencing advancements in three major crops (rice, maize and wheat) of the world have given opportunities for their use in the orphan, but highly valuable future crops, including finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.]. Finger millet has many special agronomic and nutritional characteristics, which make it an indispensable crop in arid, semi-arid, hilly and tribal areas of India and Africa. The crop has proven its adaptability in harsh conditions and has shown resilience to climate change. The adaptability traits of finger millet have shown the advantage over major cereal grains under stress conditions, revealing it as a storehouse of important genomic resources for crop improvement. Although new technologies for genomic studies are now available, progress in identifying and tapping these important alleles or genes is lacking. RAPDs were the default choice for genetic diversity studies in the crop until the last decade, but the subsequent development of SSRs and comparative genomics paved the way for the marker assisted selection in finger millet. Resistance gene homologues from NBS-LRR region of finger millet for blast and sequence variants for nutritional traits from other cereals have been developed and used invariably. Population structure analysis studies exhibit 2-4 sub-populations in the finger millet gene pool with separate grouping of Indian and exotic genotypes. Recently, the omics technologies have been efficiently applied to understand the nutritional variation, drought tolerance and gene mining. Progress has also occurred with respect to transgenics development. This review presents the current biotechnological advancements along with research gaps and future perspective of genomic research in finger millet

Identification and characterisation of stripe rust resistance genes Yr66 and Yr67 in wheat cultivar VL Gehun 892

Wheat cultivar VL Gehun 892 has shown a high level of resistance against Australian Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) pathotypes. In this study, it was crossed with Westonia, a susceptible wheat cultivar, and digenic segregation was observed in the derived population against Pst pathotype 134 E16A+Yr17+Yr27+. Single-gene recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations were developed from F3 families (VL Gehun 892/Westonia#1 and VLGehun 892/Westonia#4) that showed monogenic segregations with two distinct phenotypes. Single-gene segregation against Pst pathotype 134 E16A+Yr17+Yr27+ was confirmed in both F6 RIL populations. Bulked segregant analysis using a 90K Infinium SNP array placed YrVL1 in the short arm of chromosome 3D and YrVL2 in the long arm of chromosome 7B. Kompetitive allele specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) assays were developed for the SNPs linked with YrVL1 and YrVL2 and were mapped onto the respective populations. KASP_48179 (0.6 cM proximal) and KASP_18087 (2.1 cM distal) flanked YrVL1, whereas YrVL2 was mapped between KASP_37096 (1.2 cM proximal) and KASP_2239 (3.6 cM distal). Based on their pathotypic specificities, map locations, and stages of expression, YrVL1 and YrVL2 were demonstrated to be unique loci and named Yr66 and Yr67, respectively. Markers linked with these genes showed more than 85% polymorphism when tested on a set of 89 Australian cultivars and hence could be used for the marker-assisted selection of these genes in wheat breeding programs, following checks of parental polymorphisms

Trend Analysis of Streamflow and Rainfall in the Kosi River Basin of Mid-Himalaya of Kumaon Region, Uttarakhand

Due to climate change phenomenon and substantial decrease in water resources, analyzing the streamflow trend is of significant importance. In the present study, investigation was carried out to find rainfall and streamflow trends in the Kosi river watershed at different timescales from 1986 to 2016. Kosi river is one of the principal rivers in the Kumaon region. The different methods employed for trend detection of streamflow and rainfall were the Mann–Kendall (MK) test and the Sen’s slope (SS) estimator. Results showed a statistically significant decreasing trend in pre-monsoonal and annual rainfall with a Sen’s slope of -2.27 and -1.49 mm/year, respectively. The decreasing trends in pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter streamflow were found during 1986–2016, which were not statistically significant. The results of the study help in understanding the variation and availability of rainfall and streamflow in different seasons of the year and motivate to adopt effective water management and agricultural practices for rainfed hills

Comparative evaluation of IS6110 PCR via conventional methods in rapid diagnosis of new and previously treated cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis

ÖZET Yeni ve önceden tedavi edilmiş ekstrapulmoner tüberkülozlu hastaların hızlı tanısında IS6110 ile konvansiyonel yöntemlerin karşılaştırılmalı değerlendirilmesi Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ekstrapulmoner tüberküloz (EPTB) tanısı önemli bir problemdir. EPTB&apos;de, az sayıda basil içerme özelliği, yetersiz miktarda örnek gibi birçok sorun bulunmaktadır. Bütün bu kısıtlamalar, konvansiyonel bakteriyolojik tekniklerin EPTB tanısına düşük katkısına neden olmaktadır. Nükleik asit amplifikasyon yöntemleri, mikobakteriyel DNA&apos;nın saptanması amacıyla geliştirilen hızlı ve duyarlı tekniklerdir. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex&apos;in spesifik genomunda yer alan &quot;insertion sequence&quot; IS6110&apos;a ait 123bp&apos;nin DNA fragmanı, EPTB&apos;nin hızlı tanısı amacıyla polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR) ile çoğaltıldı. Bu çalışmada, yeni ve önceden tedavi edilmiş EPTB&apos;li hastaların hızlı tanısında IS6110 PCR ile konvansiyonel yöntemler karşılaştırıldı. EPTB şüpheli hastalardan 450 örnek toplandı ve Mycobacteria için Zeihl Neelson (ZN) boyama ve M. tuberculosis için BACTEC kültürü yapıldı. Bütün örnekler ayrıca, M. tuberculosis complex&apos;in insertion element IS6110&apos;un 123bp fragmanını hedefleyen primerlerle PCR amplifikasyonu ile IS6110 için çalışıldı. Testler arasında duyarlılık bakımından anlamlı fark saptandı. Dört yüz elli örnek . Bununla birlikte, testler arasında spesifisite bakımından anlamlı fark yoktu (p&gt; 0.05). IS6110 PCR&apos;nin hem yeni hem de önceden tedavi edilmiş hastalarda, yayma mikroskopi ve BACTEC kültüründen daha duyarlı olduğunu bulduk. IS6110 PCR, yeni ve önceden tedavi edilmiş EPTB&apos;li hastaların tanısında kullanışlı olabilir. Şüpheli EPTB&apos;li hastaların tedavi kararında fayda sağlayabilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tüberküloz, ekstrapulmoner tüberküloz, polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu, IS6110. Yazışma Adresi (Address for Correspondence): Dr. Surya KANT, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj Medical University UP (Erstwhile King George Medical College), LUCKNOW -INDIA e-mail: [email protected] Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major global public health problem. Incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is on increasing worldwide as well as in India (1,2). EPTB compromises 20% of all TB cases in India (3). Diagnosis of EPTB in different clinical presentations has been always as challenge. Smear microscopy and culture lack of sensitivity in EPTB case and culture (solid and liquid media) also takes at least two to four weeks for grow of mycobacteria. A study has reported smear positive is around 10-37% of the patients and mycobacterial culture is positive in variable proportional 12-80% in different biological specimens (3). Studies from many laboratories around the global were using primers most commonly targeting the IS6110 insertion element (4-9). The detection of the IS6110 insertion element present in form of multiple copies to detect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex but not other mycobacterial species (9-11). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using IS6110 insertion sequences as the target, has potential to conquer limitation of conventional method and to established as rapid, sensitive technique for detecting DNA of M. tuberculosis in different clinical specimens from respiratory and non respiratory sites MATERIALS and METHODS Study Design The study was performed prospectively in a blinded manner. Clinical Specimens and Data Collection 2-5 mL of specimens was collected from 450 specimens, non-repeated specimens from suspected cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The specimens were included as Lymph Node Aspirate and Cold Abscesses, Pleural fluid, C.S.F, Synovial Fluid, Ascetic Fluid, Urine, Gastric Aspirate, Pus, Bone Marrow, Wound and Pus swab and Others specimens (biopsies tissues). All specimens were kept in ice box and transported Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India for smear examination by ZN Staining, BACTEC Culture and PCR test. All patients were signed with due informed consent of the patients from indoor and outward wards of Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow, India and Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India during Jan 2009 to Dec 2010. The clinical history regarding, present and past history of antitubercular treatment (ATT); family history of tuberculosis and any other associated disease were taken in prescribed Performa. Microbiological Analysis of Extra Pulmonary Specimens Specimens was divided in to two part one part was kept at -20 for PCR till processing and another part was processed for mycobacterial smear preparation and BACTEC culture. Smears were stained with Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) method and examined for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) (21). BACTEC vials were incubated and interpreted as per Becton Dickinson (BD, Sparks, MD, USA) manual instructions (22). NAP (p-nitro-α-acetylamino-β-hydroxy propiophenone) (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA), identification was done to differentiate M. tuberculosis form non tuberculous mycobacteria (22). A decrease or unchanged growth index (GI) in nap vial indicated presence of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC), while an increase in GI indicated the presence of Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis (MOTT). Standard H 37 Rv strain of M. tuberculosis complex was used as positive control. Extraction of DNA Extraction of DNA was done by the CTAB (cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide) -phenol chloroform extraction method (23). Specimens were centrifuged at 10.000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet suspended in 567 µL of TE (Tris EDTA, pH 7.4) buffer, 30 µL 10% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and 3 µL proteinase K (20 mg/mL), mixed and incubated at 37°C for 1 hour. After incubation, 100 µL of 5 M NaCl and 80 µL of high-salt CTAB buffer (containing 4 M NaCl, 1.8% CTAB was added and mixed followed by incubation at 65°C for 10 min. An approximate equal volume (0.7-0.8 µL) of chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (24.1) was added, mixed thoroughly and centrifuged for 4-5 min in a microcentrifuge at 12.000 rpm. The aqueous viscous supernatant was carefully decanted and transferred to a new tube. An equal volume of phenol: chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (1:1) was added followed by a 5 min spin at 12.000 rpm. The supernatant was separated and then mixed with 0.6 volume of isopropanol to get a precipitate. The precipitated nucleic acids were washed with 75% ethanol, dried and re-suspended in 100 µL of TE buffer. Primer and IS6110 PCR The amplification reaction was performed in a final volume of 20 µL. the reaction mixture contained 10 µL Pyrostart Fast PCR Master Mix 2X (dNTP, Taq polymerase with Mgcl 2 , Fermentas, India), 1 µL (10 pmole) of each primer, 3 µL water (nuclease free) and 5 µL of extracted DNA. The oligonucleotide primers used were IS1 and IS2, are: 5&apos;-CCT GCG AGC GTA GGC GTC GG3&apos; and 5&apos; CTC GTC CAG CGC CGC TTC GG 3&apos; respectively (SBS Gentech Co. Ltd) (24). These primers amplified a target fragment at 123 base pairs (bp) from the insertion, M. tuberculosis sequence element IS6110. The PCR amplification was done in thermal cycler (MJ Research, PTC-100, GMI, Inc, USA), which involved 40 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 2 minute, annealing of primers at 68°C for 2 minute, and primer extension at 72°C for 1 minute. The amplified products were separated on 2% agarose gels, visualized on a UV-light transilluminator (Bangalore Genei, Bangalore, India). The presence of 123bp fragment indicate as positive test as M. tuberculosis complex. The positive controls included the DNA of H37Rv strain. Negative control included PCR grade water Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using SPSS 15.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA) for Maurya AK, Kant S, Nag VL, Kushwaha RAS, Kumar M, Dhole TN. 215 Tüberküloz ve Toraks Dergisi 2011; 59(3): 213-220 Windows. The significance of difference was taken as significance value (p&lt; 0.05).Sensitivity was calculated as [Tp/(Tp + Fn)] x 100; specificity was calculated as [Tn/(Tn + Fp)] x 100; Tp = total number of positives; Tn = total number of negatives; Fp = total number of false positive, Fn = total number of false negative; respectively. RESULTS Specimen&apos;s Characterization of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Cases During the two year study period, 470 clinical specimens were strong clinical suspicion of extrapulmonary tuberculosis were subjected from tertiary care hospitals and all mention test were performed. Out of these, 20 specimens found to be contaminated in BACTEC culture. 450 specimens of results were used in the study. Out of 450 specimens, 153 (34%) lymph node aspirate and cold abscesses, 58 (12.8%) pleural fluid, 44 (9.7%) cerebrum spinal fluid (CSF), 48 (10.7%) urine, 31(6.8%) ascetic fluid, 26 (5.8%) pus, 22 (4.9%) wound and pus swab, 16 (3.5%) gastric aspirate, 10 (2.2%) bone marrow, 10 (2.2%) synovial fluid and 30 (6.7%) others specimens (biopsies tissues). Out of 450 patients, 320 (71.1%) patients were males and 130 (28.9%) females. The mean age of all patients was 39.8 ± 16.1 years. Patients 25-44 years of age accounted for 45% of the total cases. Out of 450 cases, 328 (72.8%) were new cases and 122 (22.2%) were previously treated cases of EPTB. Detection Rate of M. tuberculosis by IS6110 PCR, BACTEC Culture and ZN Smear Microscopy According to New Cases and Previously Treated Cases All specimens were colleted from suspected case of extra pulmonary tuberculosis were found to be AFB positive were 60 (13.4%). On the basis of cases, we found that sensitivity of AFB staining on EPTB were 37 (11.2%) in new cases and 23 (18.8%) in previously treated cases. The sensitivity of AFB staining was higher in comparison to previously treated cases. Overall detection rate of M. tuberculosis by AFB Staining was 60 (13.4%). The detection of M. tuberculosis by BACTEC culture was 202 (45%). Results of BACTEC culture according to cases, 151 (46.03%) were in new cases and 51 (41.8%) were in previously treated cases. We found that sensitivity of BACTEC culture was higher in new cases. All culture isolates obtained were confirmed as mycobacteria with biochemical tests mentioned. Using IS 6110 PCR, 283 (61.8%) were positive for IS6110 PCR for M. tuberculosis. 203 (61.8%) were positive in new cases and 80 (65.5%) were positive in previously treated cases. We found that sensitivity of IS6110 PCR was higher in previously treated cases. Overall comparison of tests, IS6110 PCR was found to have much higComparative evaluation of IS6110 PCR via conventional methods in rapid diagnosis of new and previously treated cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis 216 Tüberküloz ve Toraks Dergisi 2011; 59(3): 213-220 Comparison of Sensitivity of IS6110 PCR Test Via Others Conventional Tests According to New Cases and Previously Treated Cases IS6110 PCR test was found to be much more sensitive than ZN staining and BACTEC culture results individually as well as in combination are shown in 217 Tüberküloz ve Toraks Dergisi 2011; 59(3): 213-220 DISCUSSION Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health dilemma in India. India is the highest TB burden country accounting for one fifth of the global incidence. Global annual incidence estimate is 9.4 million cases out of which it is estimated that 1.98 million cases are from India (26). In India, EPTB comprises 20% of all TB cases. Its prevalence in the country varies between 8.3-13.1% in different districts according to cohort analysis by Central TB Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in 2002 (27,28). The diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is till now challenging for diagnostic routine laborites. Numeric reasons are showing that, lack of adequate specimens amounts or volumes; distribute of the specimens for different diagnostic tests (histology/cytology, biochemical analysis, microbiology, and PCR), non-uniform distribution of microorganisms; paucibacillary nature of the specimens; presence of inhibitors that undermine the performance of nucleic acid amplification-based techniques; and the lack of an efficient sample processing technique universally applicable on all types of extrapulmonary samples (29). The poor performance of conventional M. tuberculosis detection techniques, based on microscopic examination of Ziehl-Neelsen stained and culture of M. tuberculosis (LJ Medium and BACTEC Radiometric culture) are still in widespread use for diagnostic purposes, still though they fail to provide the required sensitivity and specificity. The PCR test would be particularly useful in the diagnosis of EPTB where conventional microbiological techniques for M. tuberculosis are showing poor performance of sensitivity. The specificity, sensitivity and speed of PCR test in diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection shown in this study should encourage the use of this method in routine diagnosis of EPTB. Previously studies shown the success of microscopy is highly variable from 22% to 96% and most authors rate it at round 60% (30-32). Our results shown that sensitivity of smear microscopy was 13.7% and specificity was 100%. The sensitivity of microscopy depends on the clinical presentation and more than 10.000 bacilli per milliliter are necessary for secure microscopic positivity (33). Our studies shown that conventional bacteriological technique were positive in 202 (45%) specimens, where as IS6110 PCR showed that 283 (63%) specimens were positive for M. tuberculosis. The difference was found that to be statistical significant (p&lt; 0.05). Several studies have been reported on PCR to detect M. tuberculosis (34-39). The detection of the IS6110 insertion element present in multiple copies to detect M. tuberculosis complex, but not other mycobacterial species 218 Tüberküloz ve Toraks Dergisi 2011; 59(3): 213-220 tion and PCR results were positive but BACTEC culture was negative; these could be the presence of nonviable mycobacteria in the sample as patients were receiving antitubercular treatment. IS6110 PCR test is higher sensitivity than microscopy and the culture and could help in therapeutic decision for patients with clinical suspicion of EPTB. CONCLUSION IS6110 PCR test for DNA specific M. tuberculosis may be hopes of a rapid and accurate diagnostic test for EPTB and it will help where conventional diagnosis fails and provisional diagnosis of tuberculosis is made on the basis of clinical presentation and histology/cytology examination without evidence of AFB. IS6110 PCR may be great potential to improve the clinician vision for the early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of EPTB. ACKNOWLEDGEMEN

Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study

18% of the world's population lives in India, and many states of India have populations similar to those of large countries. Action to effectively improve population health in India requires availability of reliable and comprehensive state-level estimates of disease burden and risk factors over time. Such comprehensive estimates have not been available so far for all major diseases and risk factors. Thus, we aimed to estimate the disease burden and risk factors in every state of India as part of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016