3 research outputs found
Maximal aerobic speed as a useful tool to understand specific training demand among elite male volleyball
Lakhdar Louglaib, Zerf Mohammed. Maximal aerobic speed as a useful tool to understand specific training demand among elite male volleyball. Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport. 2019;5(1):96-107. elSSN 2450-6605. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/19324
http://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/PPS/article/view/19324
https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/903078
The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B (26/01/2017).
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Received: 18.01.2019. Revised: 30.01.2019. Accepted: 06.02.2019.
MAXIMAL AEROBIC SPEED AS A USEFUL TOOL TO UNDERSTAND SPECIFIC TRAINING DEMAND AMONG ELITE MALE VOLLEYBALL
Louglaib Lakhdar 1, Mohammed Zerf 2*
1, 2, Physical Education Institute, University of Abdel Hamid Ibn Badis Mostaganem, Algeria
ABSTRACT
Aim: The study aims to study the impact of Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS) levels on the growth of skills fitness among volleyball. Methods: To achieve this objective, we assess the levels of MAS for 60 elite male volleyball players (ages 22 to 25 years with +5 years' experience in elite championships). Tested by volleyball Alberta tests and standing triple jump and T agility tests to estimate the effect of coordination abilities on players body adaptations to recover from the high-intensity and fatiguing actions as a result of levels of endurance. Results: Backup on statistics applied, centred on MAS levels as protocol. We confirmed that a high-level of MAS enhanced skills fitness. Admitted by the inverse correlation between the levels of MAS in compares with speed, power and explosive abilities. In the benefits of players with elevated levels of MAS as a beneficial condition to improve skills fitness (Serve-attack/Spike/Block) among volleyball players.
Conclusion: our protocol supports the development of MAS at 4 + (m/s). Agreed as minimal components of physical condition allied to neuromuscular system adaptations, which permit players not only to improve their speed and power components. But also, their ability to recover from high-intensity and fatiguing actions.
Keywords: maximal aerobic speed, volleyball, elite, skill physically ability, correlatio
Maximal aerobic speed as a useful tool to understand specific training demand among elite male volleyball
Aim: The study aims to study the impact of Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS) levels on the growth of skills fitness among volleyball. Methods: To achieve this objective, we assess the levels of MAS for 60 elite male volleyball players (ages 22 to 25 years with +5 years' experience in elite championships). Tested by volleyball Alberta tests and standing triple jump and T agility tests to estimate the effect of coordination abilities on players body adaptations to recover from the high-intensity and fatiguing actions as a result of levels of endurance. Results: Backup on statistics applied, centred on MAS levels as protocol. We confirmed that a high-level of MAS enhanced skills fitness. Admitted by the inverse correlation between the levels of MAS in compares with speed, power and explosive abilities. In the benefits of players with elevated levels of MAS as a beneficial condition to improve skills fitness (Serve-attack/Spike/Block) among volleyball players.
Conclusion: our protocol support the development of MAS at 4 + (m/s). Agreed as minimal components of physical condition allied to neuromuscular system adaptations, which permit players not only to improve their speed and power components. But also their ability to recover from high-intensity and fatiguing actions
ΠΠ·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π²βΡΠ·ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΡΠΆ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ±ΠΎΠ»Ρ
Purpose. This study aims to estimate the relevant maximum aerobic speed performance and its relationship with volleyball game motor power-explosive abilities. Shown in rugby and soccer science literature, maximal aerobic speed is considered as a critical factor for improving the athleteβs ability to recover from high-intensity and fatiguing actions.
Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, we categorised the motor abilities (vertical jump, spike approach, block jump, 20-meter sprint, T-Test (agility) and standing triple jump) results of 60 elite male players (age 23 Β± 1.56 with playing experience up to 5 years in the Oran elite leagues). We based ourselves on their MAS results in two levels (+ or β 4 m/s) in 1200 m Shuttle Test as a valuable test to measure player maximal aerobic speed profile.
Results. Our results approved the performance level of maximal aerobic speed archived at up to 4 (m/s) as the enhanced level directly related to notable levels of playersβ motor abilities studied in the present study.
Conclusions. Our protocol of maximum aerobic speed performance confirmed level 4 (m/s) as the relevant MAS level positively related to motor abilities components such as agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction, and speed, contrary to its lows.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π·ΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³Π±ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΒΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ (Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠΎΠΊ, Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄, Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠΎΠΊ, 20-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π’-ΡΠ΅ΡΡ (Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ) ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°) 60 Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²-ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ (Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ 23 Β± 1.56 Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ³ΡΡ Π² 5 Π»Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ
ΠΡΠ°Π½Π°). ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
(+ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ β 4 ΠΌ/c) Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Β«Π§Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±Π΅Π³ 1200 ΠΌΒ», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 4 (ΠΌ/Ρ) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ, Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ» ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ 4 (ΠΌ/Ρ) ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΈΠ»Π°, ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉ.ΠΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ β ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΡ
Π·Π²βΡΠ·ΠΎΠΊ Π· ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ±ΒΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ±ΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Π· ΡΠ΅Π³Π±Ρ ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π²Π°ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ»Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΡΠ½Π°ΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Ρ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ³Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π·Π΄ΡΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ (Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ, Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΡΠ΄, Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ, 20-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π’-ΡΠ΅ΡΡ (ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ) ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π· ΠΌΡΡΡΡ) 60 Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²-ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΡΠ² (Π²ΡΠΊ 23 Β± 1.56 Π· Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 5 ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ² Ρ Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π»ΡΠ³Π°Ρ
ΠΡΠ°Π½Ρ). ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ
ΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΡ
(+ Π°Π±ΠΎ β 4 ΠΌ/c) Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Β«Π§ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ³ 1200 ΠΌΒ», ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡ.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 4 (ΠΌ/Ρ) Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ, Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²βΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π·Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΒΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π·Π΄ΡΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ², ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ
Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ.
ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ² ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ 4 (ΠΌ/Ρ) ΡΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²βΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π· ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π·Π΄ΡΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π³Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΈΠ»Π°, ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΡΡ, Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΌΡΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ Π½ΠΈΠΆΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ²