Production and Optimization of Xylanase Enzyme from Bacillus cereus by Submerged Fermentation Method

Three strains of Bacillus cereus were isolated from soil samples in this study in an effort to enhance the circumstances for the production of xylanase by the bacteria. The bacteria released extracellular xylanase throughout the submerged fermentation process. In a 250 ml conical flask, the whole fermentation process was conducted at 150 rpm stirring speed. The highest amount of xylanase synthesis was demonstrated by the isolated strains at 45°C, 48 hours of incubation, pH 5, 1.5% oat splet xylan base concentration, lactose carbon source, and beef extract source

Whole genome sequence of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain HA9 isolated from conventional Iraqi cheese: First report

Background: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is a renowned probiotic known for its ability to enhance health when ingested in sufficient quantities. While L. plantarum typically exhibits unique characteristics, variations in strains and environments can occur. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct genetic identification of the strain before incorporating it into products or administering it for health benefits.Methods: After being isolated from classic artisanal milk cheeses, the bacterial DNA extraction kit from GENEAID, Korea, was used, and strain HA9's genomic DNA was isolated. Then, the highly conserved section of ribosomal RNA was amplified with universal primers. The results were confirmed by a blast analysis of the NCBI database. The genome of HA9 was sequenced using the Illumina and PacBio Sequel II technologies (HN00194138; Psomagen/USA). The Prokaryotic Dynamic Programming Gene-Finding Algorithm software was applied to forecast coding genes. The Pathosystems Resource Integration Center constructed the L. plantarum genome.Result: According to the findings, the genome of the L. plantarum HA9 strain has a length of 3,321,986 bp and a GC percentage of 44.40. This assembled genome contained a total of 1,420 coding proteins and 82 contigs, as discovered by the Comprehensive Genome Analysis. The isolate had been submitted to the NCBI and received the HA9 genome sequence (accession ID: JAUTDL000000000.1).Conclusion Microbes' whole-genome sequencing plays a crucial role in clarifying their probiotic properties and enables accurate identification down to the strain level. The authors argue that further research should be done on probiotics' whole genomes, with a special emphasis on second-generation strains.Keywords: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum; Probiotics; Whole genome sequencing

Chemotherapy and Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Agent

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widespread opportunistic pathogen that causes bloodstream, urinary tract, burn wounds infections and is one of the largest pathogens that infect cystic fibrosis patients’ airways and can be life-threatening for P. aeruginosa infections. In addition, P. aeruginosa remains one of the most significant and difficult nosocomial pathogens to handle. Increasingly, multi-drug resistance (MDR) strains are identified and the option of therapy is often very limited in these cases, particularly when searching for antimicrobial combinations to treat serious infections. The fact that no new antimicrobial agents are active against the MDR strains of P. aeruginosa is an additional matter of concern. In recent decades, bacterial drug resistance has increased, but the rate of discovery of new antibiotics has decreased steadily. The fight for new, powerful antibacterial agents has therefore become a top priority. This chapter illustrates and explores the current state of several innovative therapeutic methods that can be further discussed in clinical practice in the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections

Colostomy in Anorectal Malformation and Hirschsprung’s Disease in Infants and Children

Background: There are numerous and frequent common complications following construction of large bowel stomas, which may lead to significant morbidity and mortality. The overall morbidity from colostomy has been reported to be as high as 42-75%. Aims of the study: •To study the complications of colostomy (immediate, early & late) taking into consideration the site and types of the colostomy. •To determine the types and sites of colostomy in anorectal malformation and Hirschsprung’s disease. •To study some associated risk factors in colostomy with anorectal malformation and Hirschsprung’s Disease. •To estimate the rate of death for performed colostomies in anorectal malformation and Hirschsprung’s disease. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional prospective study included a total number of (160) temporary colostomies were performed for neonates, infants and children in the pediatric surgical department of Children Welfare Teaching Hospital in Baghdad over a period of three years from January 2008 to January 2011. A standardized data sheets were prepared for collecting the information including age, sex, associated congenital anomalies and colostomy data (type, site, indication, and complication). Results: Most of the colostomies were done in the neonatal period (69.4%) and mainly for imperforate anus (46.9%) while colostomies that were performed in infancy (26.2%) were done mainly for Hirschsprung’s disease (18.1%). The most common type of stoma was right loop transverse colostomy for Hirschsprung’s disease (31.2%) and pelvic loop for imperforate anus (42.5%). 107 different complications developed in 71 patients as a result of colostomy formation and the most common complications were stomal prolapse, skin excoriation, wound sepsis, stomal stenosis, retraction, and bleeding. The mortality rate was 7.5% (12 patients); 4 patients had Hirschsprung’s disease and 8 patients had an imperforate anus.Conclusion: Hirschsprung’s disease and imperforate anus were the most common indications of stoma formation in pediatric age group. The right transverse loop and pelvic loop colostomy were the commonest stoma that was performed with a high rate of complications

The exotic image is represented in the print advertisement

In advertising, the designer practices Westernization by manipulating ideas and treatments. He avoids adherence to familiar reality and creates unique works of art that are alien to the prevailing social and environmental pattern. This is evident in the design of advertisements in creative ways that go beyond the traditional framework, which is linked to intellectual worlds of an imaginative and inspiring nature. The theoretical framework deals with the formation of print advertising and all types of graphic design schools, as well as the research procedures represented by the research population, the sample, the research tool, sample analysis, and the results and conclusions reached by the researcher, including.  1- The researcher concluded that the designer relied on writing the title (text) in large, clear letters to arouse interest.  2- The use of pictures and drawings gave an aesthetic, expressive and illustrative functio

Antimicrobial Activity of Plant Extracts of Artemisia , Citrullus and Capparis

The current study shows the effectiveness of three plant extracts of Artemisia, Citrullus fruits and Capparis roots against the microbes of some common and important pathogens, which have become resistant to many antibiotics due to genetic mutations that occur in them, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia .The sensitivity of the studied isolates varied according to the type of extract and the type of solvent used, Alcoholic or Aqueous, as well as on the type of bacteria. While the effect of the effectiveness of the extracts of the fruits of the Citrullus plant and the roots of the capers plant showed a variation from one bacteria to another and from one extract to another

Detection of local Bacillus subtilis producing Endo-?-1,4-glucanase Of Thi Qar province

The study included  isolating  and  diagnosing of Bacillus subtilis  different soils at  Thi Qar province. The ability of bacterial isolates to produce Endo-?-1,4-glucanase was determined after growing on carboxymethyl cellulose CMC medium, Using Congo red and NaCl.  Enzyme  Endo-?-1,4-glucanase  isolates were  identified using   biochemical tests and VITEK2 as B. subtilis. Isolates were identified using  16S rRNA tests after extraction of DNA from isolates and amplified by PCR using 27F primers (Forward) and 1492R  (Reverse) . All isolates in the current study were positive for this gene and the size of the gene for all isolates was at 1500 pb. After identifying the gene sequences and comparing them with the data available in the Gen Bank, NCBI  data  showed  that they were  new  strains of B. subtilis strain m1 (MF449304) and B. subtilis strain M2 (MF449461) bacteria. Isolates were recorded in NCBI GenBank and were design for each evolutionary tree isolation by Software MEGA6. After the diagnosis of bacterial  isolates, the ideal conditions for the production of Endo-?-1,4-glucanase were changed for incubation period, temperature, pH , Incubator Shake, carbon and   nitrogen sources. Enzymatic efficacy was determined using of dinitro salicylic acid DNS detector to detect the glucose releasing  glucose molecules  Endo-?-1,4-glucanase. The enzyme was  produced  after growing of bacterial  isolates of  plant  culture containing  plant and cardboard residues as natural sources of carbon and alternative to costly industrial sources as a source of carbon  at a concentration of 1%  at  4

Detection of local Bacillus subtilis producing Endo-β-1,4-glucanase Of Thi Qar province

The study included  isolating  and  diagnosing of Bacillus subtilis  different soils at  Thi Qar province. The ability of bacterial isolates to produce Endo-β-1,4-glucanase was determined after growing on carboxymethyl cellulose CMC medium, Using Congo red and NaCl.  Enzyme  Endo-β-1,4-glucanase  isolates were  identified using   biochemical tests and VITEK2 as B. subtilis. Isolates were identified using  16S rRNA tests after extraction of DNA from isolates and amplified by PCR using 27F primers (Forward) and 1492R  (Reverse) . All isolates in the current study were positive for this gene and the size of the gene for all isolates was at 1500 pb. After identifying the gene sequences and comparing them with the data available in the Gen Bank, NCBI  data  showed  that they were  new  strains of B. subtilis strain m1 (MF449304) and B. subtilis strain M2 (MF449461) bacteria. Isolates were recorded in NCBI GenBank and were design for each evolutionary tree isolation by Software MEGA6. After the diagnosis of bacterial  isolates, the ideal conditions for the production of Endo-β-1,4-glucanase were changed for incubation period, temperature, pH , Incubator Shake, carbon and   nitrogen sources. Enzymatic efficacy was determined using of dinitro salicylic acid DNS detector to detect the glucose releasing  glucose molecules  Endo-β-1,4-glucanase. The enzyme was  produced  after growing of bacterial  isolates of  plant  culture containing  plant and cardboard residues as natural sources of carbon and alternative to costly industrial sources as a source of carbon  at a concentration of 1%  at  45 ° C for 48 hours and  pH (6 - 5) The highest  wheat bran and  millet bran  has superior efficacy over  other  natural and  industrial sources were used as an alternative to the  industrial  nitrogen  source of peptone with a concentration of 1%. The malt extract  as the best nitrogen source for all isolates in the present study was superior to all other nitrogen sources. Other sources came from either banana Peel that showed no growth for all isolates. The study aimed to isolate and diagnose B. subtilis producing an  Endoglucanases  using cheap natural sources as alternatives source to reduce to costly carbon  cost of and nitrogen sources and benefiting from biological treatment of agricultural and industrial waste

Physical and mechanical characteristics of the earthen barns used for food crop storage in the North-West of Benin (West Africa)

Atacora and Donga are two departments regarded as the barns of Benin. In these two regions, the surplus of food crops harvested by farmers is stocked in earthen barns whose primary construction material is kneaded clay soil with an admixture of vegetable straws (fonio, rice…) pounded beforehand. The following research is designed to scrutinize the variation of compression strength and/or tensile strength of the used earthen material with respect to the optimum straw content, and the fluctuation of the fracture related parameters. Laboratory tests have shown that an optimum straw content of 2% provides the highest compression strength with the best mechanical performances in terms of cohesion and internal angle of friction. Tensile strength, however, continues to increase with higher straw percentages with no breakpoint indication. Moreover, the laboratory determination of the composite material’s modulus of elasticity has proven that the used soil does not have a linear elastic behavior

Hygro-thermo-mechanical behavior of structural materials for the construction associating kenaff fibers with clayed lands

Les briques de terre compressée (BTC) à la façon traditionnelle au Bénin présentent de piètres propriétés mécaniques, ce qui explique que les populations recourent aux parpaings de ciment relativement trop couteux et dont l’emploi affecte fortement les ressources en eau et en énergie. Ce travail propose des pistes d’amélioration des BTC pour l’écoconstruction par l’ajout de fibres végétales à des sols usités localement pour la construction. Cette stratégie permet de valoriser les matières premières minérales et végétales dans un domaine d’activités qui concerne une grande partie de la population. Dans un premier temps, un sol a été choisi d’après sa composition chimique, ses propriétés physiques, mécaniques et technologiques. Le choix de la fibre de kénaf pour le renforcement de la matrice minérale se justifie par ses excellentes propriétés mécaniques spécifiques et sa disponibilité à très faible coût. Les effets des fibres sur le comportement du sol au jeune âge, puis sur les comportements mécanique et hygrothermique des matériaux consolidés sous 5 MPa (pression applicable avec les équipements facilement disponibles au Bénin), ont été étudiés pour trois taux massiques de fibres (0,5%; 1% et 1,5% relativement au sol) dans différentes longueurs (5, 10, 20 et 30 mm). Les résultats indiquent une nette amélioration du comportement mécanique des BTC renforcés par le kénaf en termes des résistances à la flexion et à la compression, et de la résistance à la rupture catastrophique (comportement pseudo ductile). Les résultats les plus élevés sont obtenus pour une teneur de 0,5% de fibres de longueur 30 mm. L’ajout de ciment seul au sol fibré (taux de 3, 5 et 7%) ou de ciment associé au laitier de haut fourneau (taux de 3-5% et 5-10%, respectivement) permet en sus d’améliorer de façon importante la résistance à la prise d’eau. Les meilleurs résultats sont obtenus avec 5% de ciment et 10% de laitier de haut fourneau. Les mesures réalisées en chambre biclimatique ont permis de caractériser les matériaux comme paroi séparatrice, en étudiant les transferts de chaleur et de vapeur d’eau. Les résultats mettent en évidence l’effet significatif de l’ajout d’un liant au BTC : L’ajout d’un liant diminue le déphasage et augmente l’atténuation du matériau. Les meilleurs résultats de comportement hygrothermique sont obtenus pour le sol fibré.Cette étude démontre qu’il est possible de produire au Bénin, à partir de matières premières locales et avec des équipements peu onéreux, des éco-matériaux aux propriétés mécaniques et hygrothermiques satisfaisantes pour la construction d’habitat de type R+1.Traditional Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB) in the Republic of Benin have poor mechanical properties, this justifies why people rely on relatively expensive cement blocks; the use of which greatly affects resources such as water and energy. In this work we have proposed ways to enhance CEB properties for eco-construction by adding plant fibers to locally used construction's soils. This strategy makes it possible to value mineral and vegetable raw materials in a field of an activity that is common to a large part of the population. At first, a soil was chosen according to its chemical composition, its physical, mechanical and technological properties. The choice of kenaf fiber for the reinforcement of the mineral matrix isjustified by its excellent specific mechanical properties and its availability at very low cost. The effects of fibers on soil behavior at young age and on the mechanical and hygrothermal behavior of consolidated materials under 5 MPa (pressure applicable with equipment readily available in Benin) were studied for three mass content of fibers relatively to the soil (0.5% 1% and 1.5%) and different lengths (5, 10, 20 and 30 mm). The results indicated a remarkable improvement in the mechanical behavior of kenaf-reinforced CEBs in terms of flexural and compressive strengths and tolerance to damage. The highest results were obtained with 0.5% of fibers 30 mm long. The addition of a binder (3, 5 and 7% of cement) or (3-5% and 5-10% of cement and blast furnace slag mix) allowed an important reduction in water uptake. The best mechanical results were obtained for a biocomposite made up with BAK soil, 0.5% of flax fibers 30 mm long and a mix of 5% cement and 10% blast furnace slag. Measurements carried out in a biclimatic chamber made it possible to characterize the hydric and thermal behavior of the soil-based materials. The addition of a binder decreases the phase shift and increases the attenuation of the material. These different results show that it is possible to produce in Benin with the available equipment, CEB with mechanical and hygrothermal properties sufficient enought for the construction of type R + 1 habitat