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Plasma-wall interaction studies within the EUROfusion consortium: Progress on plasma-facing components development and qualification

This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission.The provision of a particle and power exhaust solution which is compatible with first-wall components and edge-plasma conditions is a key area of present-day fusion research and mandatory for a successful operation of ITER and DEMO. The work package plasma-facing components (WP PFC) within the European fusion programme complements with laboratory experiments, i.e. in linear plasma devices, electron and ion beam loading facilities, the studies performed in toroidally confined magnetic devices, such as JET, ASDEX Upgrade, WEST etc. The connection of both groups is done via common physics and engineering studies, including the qualification and specification of plasma-facing components, and by modelling codes that simulate edge-plasma conditions and the plasma-material interaction as well as the study of fundamental processes. WP PFC addresses these critical points in order to ensure reliable and efficient use of conventional, solid PFCs in ITER (Be and W) and DEMO (W and steel) with respect to heat-load capabilities (transient and steady-state heat and particle loads), lifetime estimates (erosion, material mixing and surface morphology), and safety aspects (fuel retention, fuel removal, material migration and dust formation) particularly for quasi-steady-state conditions. Alternative scenarios and concepts (liquid Sn or Li as PFCs) for DEMO are developed and tested in the event that the conventional solution turns out to not be functional. Here, we present an overview of the activities with an emphasis on a few key results: (i) the observed synergistic effects in particle and heat loading of ITER-grade W with the available set of exposition devices on material properties such as roughness, ductility and microstructure; (ii) the progress in understanding of fuel retention, diffusion and outgassing in different W-based materials, including the impact of damage and impurities like N; and (iii), the preferential sputtering of Fe in EUROFER steel providing an in situ W surface and a potential first-wall solution for DEMO.European Commission; Consortium for Ocean Leadership 633053; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART

Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobility

Ancient DNA research in the past decade has revealed that European population structure changed dramatically in the prehistoric period (14,000–3000 years before present, YBP), reflecting the widespread introduction of Neolithic farmer and Bronze Age Steppe ancestries. However, little is known about how population structure changed from the historical period onward (3000 YBP - present). To address this, we collected whole genomes from 204 individuals from Europe and the Mediterranean, many of which are the first historical period genomes from their region (e.g. Armenia and France). We found that most regions show remarkable inter-individual heterogeneity. At least 7% of historical individuals carry ancestry uncommon in the region where they were sampled, some indicating cross-Mediterranean contacts. Despite this high level of mobility, overall population structure across western Eurasia is relatively stable through the historical period up to the present, mirroring geography. We show that, under standard population genetics models with local panmixia, the observed level of dispersal would lead to a collapse of population structure. Persistent population structure thus suggests a lower effective migration rate than indicated by the observed dispersal. We hypothesize that this phenomenon can be explained by extensive transient dispersal arising from drastically improved transportation networks and the Roman Empire’s mobilization of people for trade, labor, and military. This work highlights the utility of ancient DNA in elucidating finer scale human population dynamics in recent history

La nécropole de Thaj (Arabie du Nord-Est) de l'époque "hellénistique" au début de l'Islam

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Annexe : Etude archéo-anthropologique d'une sépulture issue de la campagne de 2016 à Ej-Jaouzé

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New Data on the Necropolis of Thaj: Evolution of the Funerary Architecture

International audienceLocated in Northeastern Arabia, Thaj is the largest known pre-Islamic site in the region where urban and sub-urban areas are associated with a vast necropolis of more than 1000 tumuli. As part of the Franco-Saudi mission of Thaj (CNRS/Saudi Arabia Ministry of Culture), the aims of the research conducted on the necropolis since 2017 was to characterize the funerary practices and to understand the conditions of development of the necropolis from the Iron Age to Late Antiquity. This paper presents some of the results of the study carried out through a multidisciplinary approach, based on aerial and ground surveys, the excavation of several tombs and the anthropological analysis of the human remains. The field data allowed the observation of different tumuli construction techniques and the establishment of the first typology of the Thaj tombs. Inside the tombs, one to several dozen burials were discovered whose architectural diversity is partly dependent on the age at death. The differences in the treatment of the deceased also seem to highlight the existence of a social stratification of the population. Combined with radiocarbon dating, it was possible to distinguish several chronological phases in the Thaj necropolis in relation to the evolution of the funerary architecture

La nécropole de Thaj (Arabie du Nord-Est) de l'époque "hellénistique" au début de l'Islam

International audienc

La nécropole de Thaj: analyse des tombeaux et des gestes funéraires de l'âge du Fer à l'Antiquité tardive

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