A New Species of \u3ci\u3eAphis\u3c/i\u3e in Minnesota (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Narrow-Leaved Purple Coneflower, \u3ci\u3eEchinacea Angustifolia\u3c/i\u3e

Aphis echinaceae, n. sp. is described from specimens collected in Douglas County, Minnesota, on Echinacea angustifolia (DC.). The aphid is illustrated with biometric data for alate and apterous vivipara. Its short cauda and siphunculi, and presence of secondary sensoria on antennal segments III, IV, and V in both morphs makes this Aphis morphologically similar to A. debilicornis (Gillette and Palmer), A. lugentis Williams and A. caliginosa Hottes and Frison, and root feeding aphids of the subgenus Pseudoprotaphis Kadyrbekov and genus Protaphis Börner. A diagnosis is provided

Preventing, Punishing and Eliminating Terrorism in the Western Hemisphere: A Post-9/11 Inter-American Treaty

Part I of this Article will provide a brief background to the fight against terrorism as seen from an inter-American legal and institutional standpoint. Part II will discuss the more significant details of the Convention and the negotiations in the Permanent Council\u27s Working Group that produced it. In II(A), the authors review the conflicting views among delegates about whether the OAS should have been negotiating a “comprehensive” anti-terrorism treaty (complete with a legal definition of terrorist acts) or follow the suggestion of the United States and adopt a less ambitious treaty providing some “added value” (by incorporating by reference the law-making of previous United Nations (“U.N.”) terrorism treaties). In II(B), the authors discuss treaty provisions dedicated to cooperation among hemispheric governments. In II(C), the Article explains treaty provisions on denying terrorists the benefits of asylum, refugee status, and the political offense exception in extradition law. In II(D), the treaty\u27s role as a supplement to other extradition treaties is noted. In II(E), the Article discusses what the treaty says about the money side of terrorism--what the hemisphere will do about tracking money, money laundering, and asset forfeiture. In II(F), the controversy over whether to mention human rights in the Convention is explained. In II(G), the authors discuss treaty provisions on permitting the transfer of prisoners among different countries in the Americas. In the Conclusion, the authors note that the American republics have taken a significant step forward in the codification of international law by negotiating a practical multilateral instrument

Fixing a Broken System: Reconciling State Foreclosure Law with Economic Realities

The housing crisis ignited a chain reaction of events that resulted in the U.S. economy cascading to the worst contraction since the Great Depression. In response, not only has the Federal Government proposed and implemented various legislation, but the financial industry has also joined in the effort to find a solution. However, large-scale mortgage restructurings already show signs of failing. These results should not be surprising, because general loan modifications suffer from the problems that created the housing crisis. Namely, mortgage originators did not examine whether the borrower could afford the monthly payments

Measuring the growth rate of structure with Type IA Supernovae from LSST

We investigate measuring the peculiar motions of galaxies up to $z=0.5$ using Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) from LSST, and predict the subsequent constraints on the growth rate of structure. We consider two cases. Our first is based on measurements of the volumetric SNe Ia rate and assumes we can obtain spectroscopic redshifts and light curves for varying fractions of objects that are detected pre-peak luminosity by LSST (some of which may be obtained by LSST itself and others which would require additional follow-up). We find that these measurements could produce growth rate constraints at $z<0.5$ that significantly outperform those using Redshift Space Distortions (RSD) with DESI or 4MOST, even though there are $\sim4\times$ fewer objects. For our second case, we use semi-analytic simulations and a prescription for the SNe Ia rate as a function of stellar mass and star formation rate to predict the number of LSST SNe IA whose host redshifts may already have been obtained with the Taipan+WALLABY surveys, or with a future multi-object spectroscopic survey. We find $\sim 18,000$ and $\sim 160,000$ SN Ia with host redshifts for these cases respectively. Whilst this is only a fraction of the total LSST-detected SNe Ia, they could be used to significantly augment and improve the growth rate constraints compared to only RSD. Ultimately, we find that combining LSST SNe Ia with large numbers of galaxy redshifts will provide the most powerful probe of large scale gravity in the $z<0.5$ regime over the coming decades.Comment: 12 pages, 1 table, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ. The Fisher matrix forecast code used in this paper can be found at: https://github.com/CullanHowlett/PV_fisher. Updated to fix error in Eq. 1 (thanks to Eric Linder for pointing this out