Carrying on with Wayward Sons

With their brains not maturing until their mid-20s, it\u27s time to use a different approach to life and learning with our young men

Psychosocial factors and attendance at a population-based mammography screening program in a cohort of Swedish women

BACKGROUND: A better understanding of the factors that influence mammography screening attendance is needed to improve the effectiveness of these screening programs. The objective of the study was to examine whether psychosocial factors predicted attendance at a population-based invitational mammography screening program. METHODS: Data on cohabitation, social network/support, sense of control, and stress were obtained from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort Study and linked to the Malmö mammography register in Sweden. We analyzed 11,409 women (age 44 to 72) who were free of breast cancer at study entry (1992 to 1996). Mammography attendance was followed from cohort entry to December 31, 2009. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to account for repeated measures within subjects. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. RESULTS: Among 69,746 screening opportunities there were 5,552 (8%) cases of non-attendance. Higher odds of non-attendance were found among women who lived alone (OR = 1.47 (1.33-1.63)) or with children only (OR = 1.52 (1.29-1.81)), had one childbirth (OR = 1.12 (1.01-1.24)) or three or more childbirths (OR = 1.34 (1.21-1.48)), had low social participation (OR= 1.21 (1.10-1.31)), low sense of control (OR = 1.12 (1.02-1.23)), and experienced greater stress (OR = 1.24 (1.13-1.36)). CONCLUSIONS: Public health campaigns designed to optimize mammography screening attendance may benefit from giving more consideration of how to engage with women who are less socially involved

Do reproductive and hormonal risk factors for breast cancer associate with attendance at mammography screening?

PURPOSE: To determine whether reproductive and hormonal risk factors for breast cancer associate with mammography attendance. METHODS: We linked data from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study to the Malmö mammography register (Sweden, 1992-2009). We analyzed 11,409 women (age 44-72) who were free of breast cancer at study entry and a total of 69,746 screening invitations. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to account for repeated measures within subjects. Models were adjusted for age and other sociodemographic factors. RESULTS: In this study cohort, mammography screening attendance ranged from 87.6 to 94.5 % between calendar years, with an average attendance of 92 %. Higher attendance was found among women who had given birth to fewer than three children (ORs ranging between 1.15 and 1.37) and had used oral contraceptives (OC) within the last decade (OR = 1.22, 95 % CI 1.07-1.38) and for a longer period (OR = 1.13, 95 % CI 1.01-1.27). A lower odds of attendance was found among post-menopausal women (OR = 0.86, 95 % CI 0.77-0.96). Age <13 at menarche, age ≥30 at first childbirth, age ≥55 at menopause, age <20 at first OC use, nulliparity, breastfeeding, and hormone replacement therapy were not associated with mammography attendance. CONCLUSION: Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for breast cancer have little effect on mammography screening attendance. This may indicate a potential for under-screening of some women at higher risk

First Report of a Preserved Weichselian Periglacial Surface in NW Europe—the "P. van der Lijn": Geological Reserve in The Netherlands

Durch Frost gespaltene Steine und Blöcke und durch Windschliff polierte und auf der Oberfläche sortierte Steine in einem vegetationsfreien geologischen Reservat im Zentrum der Niederlande werden beschrieben. Sie werden als Anzeichen für eine weichselzeitliche periglaziale Oberfläche gedeutet. Bisher hat man sie als eine holozäne Abrasionsfläche aufgefaßt.researc

Rikoksen uusiminen : oikeusdogmaattinen, kriminaalipoliittinen ja empiirinen tarkastelu

Käsittelen maisterintutkielmassani rikoksen uusimista lainopillisessa, kriminaalipoliittisessa ja empiirisessä viitekehyksessä. Tutkielman oikeusdogmaattisesta osasta käy ilmi, että rikoksen uusimisella on varsin merkittävä vaikutus seuraamusjärjestelmän puitteissa tehtäviin ratkaisuihin – oli kyse sitten rangaistuksen mittaamisesta tai lajivalinnasta, rangaistuksen täytäntöönpanoratkaisuista taikka ajokiellon määräämisestä. Rikoksen uusimisen vaikutus rangaistusta määrättäessä on jätetty kuitenkin lainsäädännön ja lain esitöidenkin tasolla hyvin avoimeksi. Sekä rikoslain 6 luvun 5 §:n 5 kohdan tarkoittama koventamisperustesäännös että rangaistuksen lajinvalintaan vaikuttavat säännökset mahdollistavat yleisluonteisuutensa vuoksi useissa tapauksissa päätökset suuntaan tai toiseen, kun on kyse tekijän rikosentisyyden huomioimisesta. Lainsäädäntöä tulisikin muuttaa sillä tavoin, että esimerkiksi uusimisnopeudelle määriteltäisiin laissa jokin selkeä ja tuomioistuimia sitova aikaraja. Tällaista rangaistuskäytännön yhtenäisyyttä parantavaa normistoa edustaa nykylainsäädännössä ajokiellon määräämistä (AKL 66) ja ehdonalaista vapauttamista (RL 2c:5) koskevat säännökset,joissa on täsmälliset ja sitovat aikarajat uusimisvaikutuksen huomioimisesta. Tutkielman toisessa, eli aihetta kriminaalipoliittisessa viitekehyksessä tarkastelevassa, osassa havaitaan kuinka ongelmallista uusimisankaroituminen ja yleisemminkin vankeusrangaistusten käyttäminen on. Perusongelma on siinä, että laitosrangaistus pikemminkin lisää uusimisriskiä, koska vankeusrangaistukset aiheuttavat käytännössä prisonisaatiota eli vankilaan ja rikollisen rooliin sosiaalistumista. Uusimisankaroitumiseen perustuva kriminaalipolitiikka perustuu pohjimmiltaan intuitiiviseen uskoon rangaistusten edes jonkinlaisesta tehosta, vaikka tällaiset käsitykset ankarampien rangaistusten kyvystä vaikuttaa rikoksenuusijoiden käyttäytymiseen perustuvat usein irrationaalisiin virheoletuksiin. Kolmannessa eli empiirisessä osassa olen tarkastellut tapausaineiston avulla vastaajan rikosentisyyden merkitystä rangaistuksen määräämiseen. Tapausaineisto pitää sisällään 99 Kouvolan ja Rovaniemen hovioikeuden ratkaisua, joissa ankarimpana rikosnimikkeenä on ollut törkeä rattijuopumus (RL 23:4). Aineistosta kävi ilmi, että enemmistö törkeään rattijuopumukseen syyllistyneistä rikoksenuusijoista tuomittiin ehdottomaan vankeusrangaistukseen, Rovaniemen hovioikeuden ratkaisuissa osuus oli jopa 79 prosenttia. Tapausaineisto osoitti, että koventamisperusteen (RL 6:5:n 5 kohta) soveltaminen ankaroitti rangaistusta noin puolitoistakertaiseksi verrattuna rikoksenuusijoihin, joiden rangaistuksiin koventamisperustetta ei sovellettu

The Mechanization of Philosophy Between 1300-1700

Standard histories of the development of modern science and philosophy has it that the mechanical philosophy was driven by changes in physics that then required a re-conceptualization of the metaphysics of substance. We contest that this view is backwards. The revisions of the metaphysics of substance occurred in the 14th century and it underlined the well-known changes in physics in the 15th and 16th centuries, which gave rise to mechanical philosophy in the 17th century

Methyl 4-(piperidin-1-ylcarbon­yl)benzoate

In the title compound, C14H17NO3, the piperidine ring has a chair conformation and an intra­molecular C—H⋯O inter­action stabilizes the mol­ecular conformation. In the crystal, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions occur

Mammography screening: views from women and primary care physicians in Crete

Background: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women and a leading cause of death from cancer in women in Europe. Although breast cancer incidence is on the rise worldwide, breast cancer mortality over the past 25 years has been stable or decreasing in some countries and a fall in breast cancer mortality rates in most European countries in the 1990s was reported by several studies, in contrast, in Greece have not reported these favourable trends. In Greece, the age-standardised incidence and mortality rate for breast cancer per 100.000 in 2006 was 81,8 and 21,7 and although it is lower than most other countries in Europe, the fall in breast cancer mortality that observed has not been as great as in other European countries. There is no national strategy for screening in this country. This study reports on the use of mammography among middleaged women in rural Crete and investigates barriers to mammography screening encountered by women and their primary care physicians. Methods: Design: Semi-structured individual interviews. Setting and participants: Thirty women between 45–65 years of age, with a mean age of 54,6 years, and standard deviation 6,8 from rural areas of Crete and 28 qualified primary care physicians, with a mean age of 44,7 years and standard deviation 7,0 serving this rural population. Main outcome measure: Qualitative thematic analysis. Results: Most women identified several reasons for not using mammography. These included poor knowledge of the benefits and indications for mammography screening, fear of pain during the procedure, fear of a serious diagnosis, embarrassment, stress while anticipating the results, cost and lack of physician recommendation. Physicians identified difficulties in scheduling an appointment as one reason women did not use mammography and both women and physicians identified distance from the screening site, transportation problems and the absence of symptoms as reasons for non-use. Conclusion: Women are inhibited from participating in mammography screening in rural Crete. The provision of more accessible screening services may improve this. However physician recommendation is important in overcoming women's inhibitions. Primary care physicians serving rural areas need to be aware of barriers preventing women from attending mammography screening and provide women with information and advice in a sensitive way so women can make informed decisions regarding breast caner screening

Hippocampal involvement in glucose facilitation of recognition memory : event-related potential components in a dual-task paradigm

BACKGROUND: Glucose administration may facilitate hippocampus-mediated recognition memory (‘remember’ rather than familiarity ‘know’ responses). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of this phenomenon in a cohort of older individuals. METHODS: In this double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study, 12 older participants (mean age = 69.33 ± 1.69 years) completed the remember-know paradigm both with and without a concurrent tracking task while recording event-related potentials (ERPs). RESULTS: Counter to predictions, glucose reduced overall accuracy. No treatment effects were found for proportion of Remember, Know and Guess responses, although there was a trend towards greater accuracy for ‘Remember’ responses following glucose. There was weak evidence for dissociation of drink effects on tracking with glucose being associated with preferential allocation of resources to ‘Remember’ over ‘Know’ responses. At P3 and F3 electrode sites, a significantly greater left parietal (LP) recollection effect and greater FN400 effect respectively were found for glucose. CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support task effort modulation of the memory-enhancing effects of glucose. There was evidence of a greater glucose facilitatory effect for hippocampus-mediated LP recollection