31 research outputs found

    Le Service MĂ©dical Rendu (SMR) : applicabilitĂ© aux mĂ©dicaments vĂ©tĂ©rinaires et proposition d’un SMR vĂ©tĂ©rinaire

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    En mĂ©decine humaine, le Service MĂ©dical Rendu (SMR) et l’AmĂ©lioration du SMR (ASMR) permettent respectivement de dĂ©terminer le taux de remboursement et le prix du mĂ©dicament Ă©valuĂ©. L’objectif poursuivi dans cet essai est d’analyser l’applicabilitĂ© de ce systĂšme aux mĂ©dicaments vĂ©tĂ©rinaires, pour aider le rĂ©gulateur, le prescripteur voire le propriĂ©taire sur le plan thĂ©rapeutique Ă  adopter. Une premiĂšre partie dĂ©crit le dispositif du SMR en mĂ©decine humaine. Une seconde partie vise Ă  l’appliquer sur plusieurs mĂ©dicaments vĂ©tĂ©rinaires, mais la grille d’évaluation utilisĂ©e en mĂ©decine humaine n’est pas adaptĂ©e aux mĂ©dicaments vĂ©tĂ©rinaires. La dĂ©finition d’un indicateur adaptĂ© aux mĂ©dicaments vĂ©tĂ©rinaires, le SMRvet, est alors essentielle. Le SMRvet utilise certains indicateurs du SMR, en exclue certains et en propose des nouveaux. Les intĂ©rĂȘts et les limites quant Ă  sa robustesse et son application pratique sont Ă©voquĂ©s

    Phénologies, mécanismes et perturbations anthropiques des dynamiques de migration dulçaquicoles des espÚces amphidromes : cas des Sicydiinae de La Réunion

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    Amphidromous gobies, especially those of the Sicydiinae subfamily, represent most of the diversity and abundance of the freshwater fish assemblages in tropical islands. These species spawn in rivers, spend months in the ocean as pelagic larvae and return to freshwater to grow and reproduce. This doctoral thesis aims at describing the phenology and some mechanisms of the dynamics of migration in freshwater of two Sicydiinae species in RĂ©union Island: Sicyopterus lagocephalus and Cotylopus acutipinnis. These studies highlighted that larval downstream migration to the sea, immediately after hatching, occurs mainly during austral summer and a few hours after sunset in downstream reaches. Seasonal and daily fluctuations of the flow regime also greatly influence the abundances, the transport duration from spawning site to the sea and the survival of larvae during their downstream migration. After their return to the freshwater, juveniles settle in the watersheds from the estuary to the most upstream reaches. The highest abundances of juveniles migrating to upstream reaches are observed during low flow conditions at the end of the afternoon. Finally, locomotor performances are better for S. lagocephalus compared to C. acutipinnis. These better locomotor performances, supported by more diverse morphologies, are among the factors explaining the presence of S. lagocephalus from Eastern Pacific Ocean to Western Indian Ocean when C. acutipinnis is endemic to the Mascarenes Archipelago. Based on the results obtained in this doctoral thesis, management and conservation recommendations are suggested especially for the restoration of fish passage at several migration barriers such as dams and weirs.Les gobies amphidromes et, en particulier, ceux de la sous famille des Sicydiinae reprĂ©sentent une part importante de la diversitĂ© et de l'abondance des peuplements de poissons d'eau douce des Ăźles tropicales. Ces espĂšces se reproduisent dans les riviĂšres et ont une phase larvaire marine pendant plusieurs mois avant de retourner croitre et maturer en eau douce. L'objectif de cette thĂšse est d'acquĂ©rir des connaissances concernant la phĂ©nologie des dynamiques de migration en eau douce de deux espĂšces de Sicydiinae de La RĂ©union, Sicyopterus lagocephalus et Cotylopus acutipinnis et les mĂ©canismes qui peuvent en ĂȘtre Ă  l'origine. Ces Ă©tudes montrent que la dĂ©valaison des larves vers la mer immĂ©diatement aprĂšs leur Ă©closion avait principalement lieu pendant l'Ă©tĂ© austral et en dĂ©but de nuit dans les zones aval. Le dĂ©bit des cours d'eau et ses fluctuations saisonniĂšres et journaliĂšres jouent un rĂŽle prĂ©pondĂ©rant dans cette dynamique de dĂ©valaison en termes d'abondances de larves dĂ©rivant, de temps de dĂ©valaison jusqu'Ă  la mer et de survie des larves. AprĂšs leur arrivĂ©e en eau douce, les juvĂ©niles vont coloniser l'ensemble des zones des bassins versants. Les plus fortes abondances de juvĂ©niles en migration vers les zones amont sont observĂ©es en fin d'Ă©tiage et pendant l'aprĂšs-midi. Enfin, S. lagocephalus prĂ©sente des performances locomotrices supĂ©rieures Ă  celles de C. acutipinnis soutenues par des morphologies plus diverses. Ces meilleures performances, soutenues par des morphologies plus diverses, sont l'un des facteurs qui peuvent expliquer la large aire de rĂ©partition de S. lagocephalus, prĂ©sent dans les ocĂ©ans Indien et Pacifique, par rapport Ă  C. acutipinnis qui est endĂ©mique de l’archipel des Mascareignes. Des recommandations de gestion, permettant principalement de restaurer la continuitĂ© biologique au niveau des barrages, sont faites au regard des rĂ©sultats obtenus durant cette thĂšse

    Dams select individual morphology but do not modify upstream migration speed of tropical amphidromous gobies

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    International audienceFish locomotor performance depends on inter-individual morphological differences and influences the response of populations to anthropogenic impacts. Amphidromous gobies, Sicyopterus lagocephalus and Cotylopus acutipinnis can climb up obstacles several metres high, after their arrival in rivers from the ocean. A previous study demonstrated that juveniles of S. lagocephalus performed better than C. acutipinnis when challenged with an artificial climbing ramp, and that individual morphology explained climbing performance for both species. This present study was focused on the effects of two 10-m high dams on the individual morphological selection of these species. We hypothesized that, compared with C. acutipinnis, (a) S. lagocephalus juveniles will reach the dams faster after they arrive in freshwater and (b) their morphology will play a lesser role in their capacity to climb up the dams. Anatomical traits were measured for 186 and 201 S. lagocephalus and 179 and 221 C. acutipinnis captured downstream and upstream of the dams, respectively. The time they spent in freshwater was estimated by examining the microstructures of their otoliths. As expected, S. lagocephalus individuals reached the dams 10–20 days faster than C. acutipinnis, and their morphology upstream and downstream of the dams did not differ, in contrast to C. acutipinnis. Upstream of the dam, C. acutipinnis had a larger pelvic sucker than downstream, confirming experimental observations. It suggests that juveniles of the cosmopolitan S. lagocephalus have more efficient upstream migration capacities than the endemic C. acutipinnis. Moreover, differences in individual morphologies above and below barriers appear efficient for quantifying their impact on upstream migration of amphidromous species

    Structure of small tropical island freshwater fish and crustacean communities: A niche‐or dispersal‐based process?

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    International audienceDetermining the relative importance of niche‐ and dispersal‐based processes in the structuring of animal communities is central in ecology. Freshwater fish and crustacean communities of small tropical islands can bring new insights for understanding these processes as all their species present a pelagic larval stage which gives them important dispersal capacities. Consequently, we hypothesized that dispersal‐based process may be preponderant for structuring these communities from the regional to the local, that is, survey site, scales. Gradient forest analyses allowed us to model the effect of 12 environmental variables on freshwater taxa abundances in two southwestern Indian Ocean islands: Mayotte (26 taxa) and Reunion (21). A total of 153 surveys in Mayotte and 266 in Reunion were used for building the models. Despite the strong heterogeneity of environmental conditions between the two islands, the main factors structuring freshwater fish and crustacean communities in both islands were the elevation and the slope of the sites. The observed structure appeared more pronounced for predatory species than for primary consumers and omnivores. As predators generally have limited locomotor capacities, it is concluded that dispersal‐based process structures these communities not only at large geographical scales but also at the intra‐watershed scale, by limiting the inland penetration (or dispersion) of species in relation to their locomotor capacities. However, more knowledge concerning ecological traits and taxonomic status of many species is needed to confirm this assumption.Une des questions centrales en Ă©cologie consiste Ă  dĂ©terminer l'importance des processus de niche et de dispersion dans la structuration des peuplements faunistiques. L’étude des peuplements de poissons et de crustacĂ©s d'eau douce des petites Ăźles tropicales peut apporter de nouveaux Ă©clairages pour comprendre ces processus. En effet, ces espĂšces prĂ©sentent toutes une phase de dĂ©veloppement larvaire en milieu marin qui augmente fortement leurs capacitĂ©s de dispersion. Nous avons donc Ă©mis l'hypothĂšse que les processus de dispersion ont un effet majeur sur la structure des peuplements Ă  l’échelle rĂ©gionale, mais Ă©galement Ă  l’échelle locale, c'est‐à‐dire celle du site d’étude. Des analyses de type « gradient forest» nous ont permis de modĂ©liser l'influence de 12 variables environnementales sur les fluctuations d'abondance des taxons d'eau douce de deux Ăźles du sud‐ouest de l'ocĂ©an Indien: Mayotte (26 taxons) et la RĂ©union (21 taxons). Au total, 153 inventaires Ă  Mayotte et 266 Ă  La RĂ©union ont Ă©tĂ© pris en compte dans les modĂšles. MalgrĂ© l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© marquĂ©e des conditions environnementales entre les deux Ăźles, les principaux facteurs structurant les peuplements de poissons et de crustacĂ©s Ă©taient similaires, Ă  savoir la pente du site d'inventaire et son altitude. De plus, la structuration des peuplements de prĂ©dateurs Ă©tait plus marquĂ©e que celle des consommateurs primaires et des omnivores. Comme la plupart des prĂ©dateurs ont des capacitĂ©s locomotrices limitĂ©es, nous avons conclu que les processus de dispersion jouent un rĂŽle prĂ©pondĂ©rant dans la structuration de ces peuplements que ce soit Ă  large Ă©chelle ou Ă  l'intĂ©rieur des bassins versants. En effet, les faibles performances locomotrices des prĂ©dateurs peuvent limiter leur capacitĂ© Ă  coloniser (ou se disperser vers) les zones amont des cours d'eau. Cependant, des connaissances plus approfondies concernant le statut taxinomique et l’écologie de plusieurs de ces espĂšces seraient nĂ©cessaires pour confirmer cette hypothĂšse

    Climbing Waterfalls: How Metabolism and Behavior Impact Locomotor Performance of Tropical Climbing Gobies on Reunion Island

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    International audienceThe life cycle of gobies of the Sicydiinae subfamily depends on climbing waterfalls. Two sympatric sicydiines species from Reunion Island, Sicyopterus lagocephalus (SIL) and Cotylopus acutipinnis (COA), employ different climbing modes. SIL uses a steady “inching” mode interrupted by short rest periods, whereas COA exhibits short “power-burst” undulatory movements punctuated by longer rest periods. Consequently, we explored the relationship between climbing performance and metabolic activity in these two species. We demonstrated that the two climbing modes are supported by different ecophysiological profiles that promote the interspecific variability of locomotor performance. More specifically, SIL performed better than COA during a climbing experiment because of its inching climbing mode, supported by a generally greater metabolic capacity and a higher potential for oxidative metabolism. Interestingly, we did not detect any difference in metabolic fuel storage and lactate production during climbing in either species, suggesting that these species can maintain fuel reserves and limit lactate accumulation through extensive rest times. Overall, this study provides new insights into the ecophysiology of these two emblematic species and suggests that the better climbing capacity of SIL is supported by its muscular metabolic capacity
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