The Design and Impacts of Individual Sanctions: Evidence From Elites in Côte d'Ivoire and Zimbabwe

Since the 1990s, sanctions senders like the European Union, the United States, and the United Nations have been imposing visa bans and asset freezes on individuals as a key element of their sanctions packages. Notwithstanding the growing centrality that individual sanctions have acquired in international sanctions practice, little is known about the impact of sanctions listings on designees. Some researchers have scrutinised targeting choices, while others have explored the effects of sanctions on designees. However, no study has yet examined the fit between targeting choices and impacts on designees. First, we interrogate the theory of targeted sanctions to identify the expectations that it generates. Second, we examine the effects on designees and contrast them with the targeting logic of the sender, in a bid to ascertain their fit. Our analysis of the cases of Côte d'Ivoire (2010-2011) and Zimbabwe (2002-2017) benefits from original interview material

Enrichment of Rare Variants in Loeys-Dietz Syndrome Genes in Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection but Not in Severe Fibromuscular Dysplasia

rare variants in the known LDS genes impinge on SCAD risk, implying a pathophysiological role for dysregulated transforming growth factor \u3b2 signaling and, hence, opening new avenues for SCAD research and future prevention and therapy. Although validation in other SCAD cohorts is warranted, our results advocate for routine molecular diagnostic screening of LDS genes in patients with SCAD, even in those without connective tissue disease manifestations. We showed that pathogenic FLNA and LOX variants are occasionally found in SCAD\ub1FMD cases and revealed the presence of pathogenic COL3A1 variants in both patients with SCAD\ub1FMD and patients with FMD only