In Vitro Testing to Aflatoxin Binding by Glucomannan Yeast Product and Glucomannan Extract from Amorphophallus oncophyllus

The aim of research was to test the capability of glucomannan yeast product (GYP) and glucomannan resulted from Amorphophallus oncophyllus extraction (GRE) to bind aflatoxin in in vitro testing. Before in vitro testing, both GYP and GRE were analyzed to determine proximate analysis, glucose, and mannose concentrations. In vitro testing used aflatoxin, binder and gastro intestinal fluid in 3% ringer solution. The weights of binders were 41.05; 82.1; 123.15; and 164.2 mg and weight of aflatoxin was 0.1642 µg of each tube. The results showed that the percentage of aflatoxin bound increased by the increasing weight either glucomannan from yeast product or glucomannan resulted from A. oncophylus extraction. The percentages of aflatoxin binding with binder of both glucomannan yeast product were 19.72%; 21.51%; 42.25%; 46.35% and glucomannan from A. oncophyllus extraction were 4.08%; 28.72%; 36.73%; and 89.07%, consecutively. There were positive correlations (

Feed Potential of Agriculture Waste for Beef Cattle Development in Kuningan Regency, West Java

The aims of research were to identify and analyze potential agricultural waste used as feed, examines the characteristics of beef cattle ranchers and estimate the ability of the addition of beef cattle population in Kuningan Regency. The primary data were taken from interviews with 30 respondents beef cattle farmers selected by purposive sampling in three districts based on the largest beef cattle population as a recommendation by local government of Kuningan Regency Agricultural. Waste samples taken randomly three times to analyze of nutrient composition by proksimat analyze was the type of the most widely used for feed. Secondary data was obtained from Kuningan Regency Veterinary Office, Department of Food Crops and the Central Statistics Agency. The results showed that the type of agricultural waste used in Kuningan Regency from highest to lowest production is rice straw, hay sweet potatoes, peanuts and hay with traditional animal husbandry systems. Districts that can improve beef cattle population from the highest to lowest number was Luragung, Cibingbin, Ciwaru, Subang, Maleber, Cibeureum, Cilebak, Karangkancana and Cimahi. In conclusion, the highest agricultural waste production was rice straw and the highest potential for the development of beef cattle in the Kuningan Regency was Luragung District

Normal hepatocyte transplantation delays the emergence of chemically induced preneoplastic nodules in rat liver

Cancer often arises in a background of chronic tissue damage. It is also increasingly appreciated that such an injured tissue microenvironment might foster the selective emergence of altered cells, leading to neoplasia. Accordingly, reversal of chronic tissue damage could represent a potential strategy to counteract neoplastic disease. In these studies, we aim to investigate whether transplantation of normal cells in the context of an injured, neoplastic-prone microenvironment might impact on the evolution of the carcinogenic process. A rat model of chemically-induced hepatocarcinogenesis was used. Animals were given a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DENA), followed by two injections of retrorsine (RS), a pyrrolizidine alkaloid that imposes a persistent block on hepatocyte cell cycle. At the end of this protocol, rats were either given no further treatment or injected, via the portal circulation, with 4 million normal hepatocytes isolated from a syngenic donor. A second group of animals was similarly exposed to DENA+RS protocol followed by transplantation of normal hepatocytes. After 3 months, rats given DENA+RS alone displayed numerous discrete nodular lesions (up to 30 per liver), ranging 1 to 3 mm in size. On the other hand, in animals receiving DENA+RS and transplantation, donor hepatocytes were able to repopulate over 50% host liver, as expected. Most importantly, both the number and the size of hepatocyte nodules were greatly reduced in these animals (percent nodular area was 1.8±0.3, down from a control value of 8.5±2.8). The above data indicate that strategies aimed at re-establishing a normal tissue microenvironment might be relevant to the management of neoplastic disease

Hasil Ikutan Pertanian Sebagai Pakan Ruminansia Di Jawa Tengah

The major problem faced by farmers in Central Java is the fluctuation of feed availability throughout the year, with feed surplus in the rainy season and less in the dry season. The objective of this study was to evaluate the support ability of agricultural by product as ruminant feed in Central Java. Survey method was used in this study, primary and secondary data were descriptively analyzed. The results showed that based on total population of ruminants and carrying capacity of the potential production of agricultural by product, there was an excess of support ability to 3,699,674 Animal Unit (AU) based on Dry Matter (DM); 1,419,142 AU based on Crude Protein (CP) and 1,825,567 AU based on Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN). However, based on carrying capacity of effective production of agricultural by product, there was an excess of support ability of feed only for 2,003,470 AU based on DM, 335,459 AU based on CP and 687,215 AU based on TDN

Determination of Cell Wall Protein from Selected Feedstuffs and its Relationship with Ruminal Protein Digestibility in Vitro

This study was aimed to analyze neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) and acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) contents of various commonly used forage and concentrate feedstuffs in Indonesia. A number of forages and concentrates, i.e. gliricidia, trichantera, indigofera, calliandra, papaya leaves, cassava leaves, leucaena, rapeseed meal, corn gluten feed, soybean meal, copra meal, palm kernel meal, fish and bone meal and wheat bran were subjected to proximate analysis, cell wall nitrogen determination and in vitro rumen fermentation evaluation. Chemical composition analysis was done in duplicate. The in vitro incubation was conducted in 14 treatments and 3 replicates by following a randomized complete block design. Variables measured after the incubation were total volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia, dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and crude protein digestibility (CPD). Results revealed that among the forages, cassava leaf had the highest proportion of NDICP while corn gluten feed was the highest among the concentrates. Different from that of NDICP, the highest proportion of ADICP was obtained in papaya leaf and copra meal for the forages and concentrates, respectively. Higher proportion of NDICP tended to decrease CPD (P<0.1). Although higher ADICP apparently tended to decrease CPD as well, the relationship was insignificant due to the higher variation of the dependent variable. It was concluded that cell wall protein proportion in feed may be used as an indicator to determine the quality of protein and its utilization in the rumen

The growth pattern of transplanted normal and nodular hepatocytes

Overt neoplasia is often the end result of a long biological process beginning with the appearance of focal lesions of altered tissue morphology. While the putative clonal nature of focal lesions has often been emphasized, increasing attention is being devoted to the possible role of an altered growth pattern in the evolution of carcinogenesis. Here we compare the growth patterns of normal and nodular hepatocytes in a transplantation system that allows their selective clonal proliferation in vivo. Rats were pre-treated with retrorsine, which blocks the growth of resident hepatocytes, and were then transplanted with hepatocytes isolated from either normal liver or hepatocyte nodules. Both cell types were able to proliferate extensively in the recipient liver, as expected. However, their growth pattern was remarkably different. Clusters of normal hepatocytes integrated in the host liver, displaying a normal histology; however, transplanted nodular hepatocytes formed new hepatocyte nodules, with altered morphology and sharp demarcation from surrounding host liver. Both the expression and distribution of proteins involved in cell polarity, cell communication, and cell adhesion, including connexin 32, E-cadherin, and matrix metalloproteinase-2, were altered in clusters of nodular hepatocytes. Furthermore, we were able to show that down-regulation of connexin 32 and E-cadherin in nodular hepatocyte clusters was independent of growth rate. These results support the concept that a dominant pathway towards neoplastic disease in several organs involves defect(s) in tissue pattern formation

Fecal metaproteomic analysis reveals unique changes of the gut microbiome functions after consumption of sourdough Carasau bread

Sourdough-leavened bread (SB) is acknowledged for its great variety of valuable effects on consumer's metabolism and health, including a low glycemic index and a reduced content of the possible carcinogen acrylamide. Here, we aimed to investigate how these effects influence the gut microbiota composition and functions. Therefore, we subjected rats to a diet supplemented with SB, baker's yeast leavened bread (BB), or unsupplemented diet (chow), and, after 4 weeks of treatment, their gut microbiota was analyzed using a metaproteogenomic approach. As a result, diet supplementation with SB led to a reduction of specific members of the intestinal microbiota previously associated to low protein diets, namely Alistipes and Mucispirillum, or known as intestinal pathobionts, i.e., Mycoplasma. Concerning functions, asparaginases expressed by Bacteroides were observed as more abundant in SB-fed rats, leading to hypothesize that in their colonic microbiota the enzyme substrate, asparagine, was available in higher amounts than in BB- and chow-fed rats. Another group of protein families, expressed by Clostridium, was detected as more abundant in animal fed SB-supplemented diet. Of these, manganese catalase, small acid-soluble proteins (SASP), Ser/Thr kinase PrkA, and V-ATPase proteolipid subunit have been all reported to take part in Clostridium sporulation, strongly suggesting that the diet supplementation with SB might promote environmental conditions inducing metabolic dormancy of Clostridium spp. within the gut microbiota. In conclusion, our data describe the effects of SB consumption on the intestinal microbiota taxonomy and functions in rats. Moreover, our results suggest that a metaproteogenomic approach can provide evidence of the interplay between metabolites deriving from bread digestion and microbial metabolism

Hasil Ikutan Pertanian Sebagai Pakan Ruminansia di Jawa Tengah

The major problem faced by farmers in Central Java is the fluctuation of feed availability throughout the year, with feed surplus in the rainy season and less in the dry season. The objective of this study was to evaluate the support ability of agricultural by product as ruminant feed in Central Java. Survey method was used in this study, primary and secondary data were descriptively analyzed. The results showed that based on total population of ruminants and carrying capacity of the potential production of agricultural by product, there was an excess of support ability to 3,699,674 Animal Unit (AU) based on Dry Matter (DM); 1,419,142 AU based on Crude Protein (CP) and 1,825,567 AU based on Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN). However, based on carrying capacity of effective production of agricultural by product, there was an excess of support ability of feed only for 2,003,470 AU based on DM, 335,459 AU based on CP and 687,215 AU based on TDN. Key words: agricultural by product, ruminant, Central Jav

The Assays of Bacteria-Yeast Consortia as Probiotics Candidates and Their Influences on Nutrients Utilization of Quails Diet

This study aimed to assay L. plantarum (P1), S. cerevisiae (P2), and its combination (P3) as probiotics candidates and their effects on nutrient digestibility in Japanese quails (Cortunix cortunix japonica) diets. In vitro assays were employed to evaluate the antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella pullorum), sensitivity to antibiotics (i.e., streptomycin, penicillin, and erythromycin), stress on bile salt and acidity condition. Evaluation of probiotics on in vivo nutrient utilization was carried out by administration of probiotics to laying quails in drinking water with various treatments (R0, control; R1, L. plantarum; R2, S. cerevisiae; R3, combination of R1+R2; R4, commercial feed additive). Results showed that the highest inhibitory activity was performed by P2 on S. aureus (17.28 mm). Treatments P2 and P3 were resistant to all the tested antibiotics, while P1 was resistant to streptomycin and penicillin. P1 was tolerant to bile salts whereas P2 was tolerant to gastric acidity conditions. For the in vivo experiment, quails fed R1, R2, and R4 had higher nitrogen retention as compared to R0 (p<0.05). However, all treatments revealed similar metabolizable energy values. The cluster analysis showed that quails consuming the combination of L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae were within the same cluster with the control but different clusters from the individual probiotics across all parameters, indicating a possible antagonistic effect between the two species.  In conclusion, the inclusion of L. plantarum or S. cerevisiae inhibits pathogenic bacteria without influencing nutrient utilization of quail diet

Hasil Ikutan Pertanian Sebagai Pakan Ruminansia di Jawa Tengah

The major problem faced by farmers in Central Java is the fluctuation of feed availability throughout the year, with feed surplus in the rainy season and less in the dry season. The objective of this study was to evaluate the support ability of agricultural by product as ruminant feed in Central Java. Survey method was used in this study, primary and secondary data were descriptively analyzed. The results showed that based on total population of ruminants and carrying capacity of the potential production of agricultural by product, there was an excess of support ability to 3,699,674 Animal Unit (AU) based on Dry Matter (DM); 1,419,142 AU based on Crude Protein (CP) and 1,825,567 AU based on Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN). However, based on carrying capacity of effective production of agricultural by product, there was an excess of support ability of feed only for 2,003,470 AU based on DM, 335,459 AU based on CP and 687,215 AU based on TDN. Key words: agricultural by product, ruminant, Central Jav