140 research outputs found
Une industrie normée ? Gouvernement par les normes, jeu sur les normes et internationalisation des chaßnes de valeur dans le secteur pharmaceutique
Dans le secteur pharmaceutique, les normes sont prĂ©sentes Ă chaque maillon de la chaĂźne de valeur. Ces normes, loin dâĂȘtre de simples Ă©noncĂ©s scientifiques ou techniques socialement inertes sont des construits politiques et sociaux dont se saisissent des acteurs divers au pouvoir variable. Est examinĂ© ici, dans une perspective dâĂ©conomie politique des normes, le cycle des normes pharmaceutiques (bonnes pratiques cliniques, de laboratoire et de fabrication), de leur nĂ©gociation Ă leur mise en application dans les entreprises, en mettant en Ă©vidence leur rĂŽle capital dans le gouvernement du secteur, en mĂȘme temps que les jeux dâacteurs et les arrangements locaux autour des normes. Celles-ci se sont dĂ©veloppĂ©es « par sauts » Ă la suite de crises sanitaires et sous la pression continue de lâindustrie pharmaceutique. Le contexte dâinternationalisation pousse Ă une harmonisation internationale facilitant la coordination au sein des chaĂźnes de valeur globales en mĂȘme temps quâil rend de plus en plus difficile le contrĂŽle des normes par les agences nationales. Ce contexte est Ă©galement marquĂ© par un nĂ©olibĂ©ralisme pharmaceutique redĂ©finissant le rĂŽle et les moyens de ces agences.The aim of the paper is to sketch some tentative elements of a political economy of the production, control and interpretation of technical norms in the pharmaceutical industry. It seeks to follow the life of norms, from their negotiation and production to their implementation at the level of the firm. The paper focuses mainly on norms regarding Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulations. It builds on the historical strands of institutionalism to analyse the social and institutional construction of an industry, which is deeply structured by regulations and standards. The first part sketches an institutionalist view of norms as institutions and as crucial instruments in the art of governing, and on the determinants of their evolution. The second part seeks to scrutinize how pharmaceutical norms have evolved both through the disruptive impact of crisis and the continuous pressure of industry lobbies leading to compromises between conflicting interests. The difficulties met by regulatory agencies in enforcing norms in an era of growing norm complexity and of internationalized value chains appear in the third part. The fourth and final part analyses how norms are translated by industrial actors, how some actors try to circumvent them, how local arrangements take place
ExpĂ©rimentations de terrain et politiques publiques du travail et de lâemploi. Apports rĂ©cents et mises en perspective
La crĂ©ation dâun Fonds dâexpĂ©rimentation pour la jeunesse (FEJ) en 2008 tĂ©moigne de lâessor rĂ©cent des expĂ©rimentations de terrain en France (LâHorty, Petit, 2010). Pour la premiĂšre fois, plusieurs expĂ©rimentations par assignation alĂ©atoire y ont Ă©tĂ© conduites, stimulĂ©es par lâĂ©cho des travaux du J-PAL (Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab) sur la pauvretĂ© (Banerjee, Duflo, 2009, 2011). Si les expĂ©rimentations alĂ©atoires de terrain (ou Randomized Controlled Trials [RCT]) ne constituent quâun..
What does the Covid-19 crisis reveal about economics and the economy? Introduction to this issue
Just a year after it was announced that a new virus had been discovered in the city of Wuhan, China, the world is no longer the same. The transformations wrought by the pandemic and the collective responses to it (lockdown of populations, drastic cuts in the movement of goods and more widely in economic and social activity) will entail structural effects. However, it is difficult to get a handle on the scope and nature of those effects. The Revue de la régulation posted a call for papers to j..
Short-Term Long Chain Omega3 Diet Protects from Neuroinflammatory Processes and Memory Impairment in Aged Mice
Regular consumption of food enriched in omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ï3 PUFAs) has been shown to reduce risk of cognitive decline in elderly, and possibly development of Alzheimer's disease. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are the most likely active components of Ï3-rich PUFAs diets in the brain. We therefore hypothesized that exposing mice to a DHA and EPA enriched diet may reduce neuroinflammation and protect against memory impairment in aged mice. For this purpose, mice were exposed to a control diet throughout life and were further submitted to a diet enriched in EPA and DHA during 2 additional months. Cytokine expression together with a thorough analysis of astrocytes morphology assessed by a 3D reconstruction was measured in the hippocampus of young (3-month-old) and aged (22-month-old) mice. In addition, the effects of EPA and DHA on spatial memory and associated Fos activation in the hippocampus were assessed. We showed that a 2-month EPA/DHA treatment increased these long-chain Ï3 PUFAs in the brain, prevented cytokines expression and astrocytes morphology changes in the hippocampus and restored spatial memory deficits and Fos-associated activation in the hippocampus of aged mice. Collectively, these data indicated that diet-induced accumulation of EPA and DHA in the brain protects against neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment linked to aging, further reinforcing the idea that increased EPA and DHA intake may provide protection to the brain of aged subjects
Impaired Interleukin-1ÎČ and c-Fos Expression in the Hippocampus Is Associated with a Spatial Memory Deficit in P2X7 Receptor-Deficient Mice
Recent evidence suggests that interleukin-1ÎČ (IL-1ÎČ), which was originally identified as a proinflammatory cytokine, is also required in the brain for memory processes. We have previously shown that IL-1ÎČ synthesis in the hippocampus is dependent on P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), which is an ionotropic receptor of ATP. To substantiate the role of P2X7R in both brain IL-1ÎČ expression and memory processes, we examined the induction of IL-1ÎČ mRNA expression in the hippocampus of wild-type (WT) and homozygous P2X7 receptor knockout mice (P2X7Râ/â) following a spatial memory task. The spatial recognition task induced both IL-1ÎČ mRNA expression and c-Fos protein activation in the hippocampus of WT but not of P2X7Râ/â mice. Remarkably, P2X7Râ/â mice displayed spatial memory impairment in a hippocampal-dependant task, while their performances in an object recognition task were unaltered. Taken together, our results show that P2X7R plays a critical role in spatial memory processes and the associated hippocampal IL-1ÎČ mRNA synthesis and c-Fos activation
Nouvelle Ă©conomie du dĂ©veloppement et essais cliniques randomisĂ©s : une mise en perspective dâun outil de preuve et de gouvernement
Cet article propose de revenir sur lâessor remarquable en Ă©conomie du dĂ©veloppement de la mĂ©thodologie des essais contrĂŽlĂ©s randomisĂ©s, Ă la fois en tant quâoutil de preuve et de gouvernement. Ce transfert constitue un apport dĂ©cisif Ă lâĂ©conomie mainstream du dĂ©veloppement, tournant le dos au consensus de Washington et instillant une concrĂ©tude bienvenue. Sâil sâagit dâune technique largement consolidĂ©e aujourdâhui, lâinscription de cette technique dans une Ă©pistĂ©mologie plus large (rĂ©flexions sur les types dâinfĂ©rence Ă lâĆuvre, le rapport Ă la thĂ©orie, le primat du micro et la question de la spĂ©cificitĂ© historique dans la montĂ©e en gĂ©nĂ©ralitĂ©) reste encore fragmentaire, ce qui occasionne des points aveugles et des limites notables. Cette technique, tout comme les essais cliniques, relĂšve dâun construit social et nâest pas un instrument purement objectif. Outil de preuve, elle est Ă©galement un outil de gouvernement â au sens foucaldien du terme â dont les applications ne sont pas sans rappeler dâautres formes dâingĂ©nierie sociale et qui relĂšve dâune forme de gouvernementalitĂ© largement distincte de la tradition nĂ©olibĂ©rale.This article tries to shed some light on the remarkable take-off of randomized controlled experiments in development economics, both as an instrument of proof and as an instrument of government. This technology transfer from clinical studies makes a decisive contribution to mainstream development economics by instilling a welcome concreteness into the core of the analysis, far away from the late Washington consensus. Whereas this technique of proof is largely consolidated now, the embeddedness of this novel instrument in a wider epistemological framework (type of inference, relationship to theory, modes of generalization and relation to historical specificity) remains often fragmentary, leading to some blank spots and limits. Like randomized clinical experiments, it is a social construct and not a purely objective technique. It is an instrument of proof but also a trendy instrument of government â in the Foucaldian sense. Its manifold applications remind of other forms of social engineering and belong to a type of governmentality noticeably distinct from the neoliberal tradition.Este artĂculo propone volver a analizar el despliegue considerable dentro de la economĂa del desarrollo de la metodologĂa de los ensayos de controles ârandomizadosâ, a la vez en tanto que Ăștil de prueba y de gobierno. Esa transferencia constituye un aporte decisivo a la economĂa standard del desarrollo, que da la espalda al consenso de Washington y destila una concreciĂłn que es bienvenida. Si bien se trata de una tĂ©cnica ampliamente consolidada en nuestros dĂas, la inscripciĂłn de esta tĂ©cnica en una epistemologĂa mĂĄs amplia (reflexiĂłn sobre los tipos de inferencia que estĂĄn en la realidad, la relaciĂłn con la teorĂa, el primado de lo micro y la cuestiĂłn de la especificadad histĂłrica cuando se avanza hacia la generalizaciĂłn) queda aĂșn de carĂĄcter fragmentario, lo que ocasiona puntos ciegos y lĂmites notables. Esta tĂ©cnica, asi como los ensayos clĂnicos, tiene su origen en una construcciĂłn social y no es un instrumento puramente objetivo. Es una herramienta para hacer pruebas, y es igualmente una herramienta de gobierno, â en el sentido que le da Foulcault al tĂ©rmino â y cuyas aplicaciones no dejan de recordar otras formas de ingenierĂa social que se refieren a una forma de gobernabilidad que se aparta y se distingue de la tradiciĂłn neoliberal
[Coord. de la partie] Ăconomie institutionnaliste
International audienceCoord de la partie. Autres auteurs ayant contribué : Bernard Chavance, Jonathan Marie, Jérémie Bastien, Thomas Lamarche, Matthieu Montalba
[Coord. de la partie] Ăconomie institutionnaliste
International audienceCoord de la partie. Autres auteurs ayant contribué : Bernard Chavance, Jonathan Marie, Jérémie Bastien, Thomas Lamarche, Matthieu Montalba
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