STEREO and ACE Observations of Energetic Particles from Corotating Interaction Regions

Since early 2007, significant particle enhancements due to corotating interaction regions (CIRs) have regularly appeared at 1 AU without any appreciable contamination from solar energetic particles (SEPs). In 2009 the prevalence of CIRs diminished as the maximum speed of the high speed solar wind streams in the ecliptic decreased along with the tilt of the heliospheric current sheet. Observations of CIR time profiles at different longitudes from STEREO show delays between the Behind and Ahead spacecraft that are often roughly as expected from the corotation time lag, although small differences in the spacecraft latitudes introduce significant scatter in the time delays. In some cases different features seen at Ahead and Behind suggest that transient disturbances in the solar wind may alter connection to or transport from the shock, or that temporal changes occur in the CIR shock itself. H and He data from STEREO/LET at 1.8–6 MeV/nucleon show that 1) the CIR spectral index at these energies is ~−4, independent of intensity but with considerable variability, 2) the He/H ratio is ~0.03 for larger CIRs but varies systematically with energy and event intensity, and 3) although the correlation between the CIR MeV particle increases and solar wind speed is generally good, many times a high-speed stream is not associated with MeV particles, while at other times a recurring series of CIR particle increases appears only at higher energies and may be associated with current sheet crossings and low speed solar wind

Estudio clínico-patológico de los efectos del glifosato (Roundup®) a niveles subletales en un modelo experimental murino

En Colombia, los pesticidas a base de glifosato se usan para el control de malezas en la agricultura y erradicación de cultivos ilícitos. Sin embargo, los efectos tóxicos en animalesy humanos expuestos a dosis subletales son desconocidos. Este estudio evaluó los efectos clínico-patológicos de dietas con 7,5 ppm y 15 ppm glifosato en ratones Mus musculusgestantes, usando el herbicida Roundup®. Se registró el peso corporal de las hembras, de sus crías, y la viabilidad de las camadas diariamente. Las lesiones macroscópicas ehistopatológicas en el hígado, riñón, útero y cerebro se determinaron a través de necropsias en los días 5, 30 y 45 después de la exposición, además de los índices orgánicos hepático y cardiaco. No hubo diferencias significativas en el peso corporal, el tamaño y la viabilidad de las camadas a ninguna de las dosis evaluadas. Se observó congestión y aumento en el tamaño del hígado, riñón y bazo, después de 5 días de exposición, sugiriendo un proceso de desintoxicación. A 30 y 45 días, no se observaron signos clínicos ni lesiones patológicas atribuibles al glifosato; sin embargo, un aumento en el tamaño de los hepatocitos, concontenido vacuolar y granular de aspecto proteináceo indican un efecto evidente, aunque sutil del Roundup® a dosis subletales con posible adaptabilidad orgánica. Se concluye que el consumo de alimento con 7,5 ppm y 15 ppm de glifosato durante 5, 30 y 45 días causa alteraciones sutiles de toxicidad en ratones durante la gestación, la lactancia y el posparto, pero no en sus camadas

STEREO Observations of Energetic Neutral Hydrogen Atoms During the 2006 December 5 Solar Flare

We report the discovery of energetic neutral hydrogen atoms (ENAs) emitted during the X9 solar event of 2006 December 5. Beginning ~1 hr following the onset of this E79 flare, the Low Energy Telescopes (LETs) on both the STEREO A and B spacecraft observed a sudden burst of 1.6-15 MeV protons beginning hours before the onset of the main solar energetic particle event at Earth. More than 70% of these particles arrived from a longitude within ±10° of the Sun, consistent with the measurement resolution. The derived emission profile at the Sun had onset and peak times remarkably similar to the GOES soft X-ray profile and continued for more than an hour. The observed arrival directions and energy spectrum argue strongly that the particle events < 5 MeV were due to ENAs. To our knowledge, this is the first reported observation of ENA emission from a solar flare/coronal mass ejection. Possible origins for the production of ENAs in a large solar event are considered. We conclude that the observed ENAs were most likely produced in the high corona and that charge-transfer reactions between accelerated protons and partially stripped coronal ions are an important source of ENAs in solar events

Observations and Interpretations of Energetic Neutral Hydrogen Atoms from the December 5, 2006 Solar Event

We discuss recently reported observations of energetic neutral hydrogen atoms (ENAs) from an X9 solar flare/coronal mass ejection event on 5 December 2006, located at E79. The observations were made by the Low Energy Telescopes (LETs) on STEREO A and B. Prior to the arrival of the main solar energetic particle (SEP) event at Earth, both LETs observed a sudden burst of 1.6 to 15 MeV energetic neutral hydrogen atoms produced by either flare or shock-accelerated protons. RHESSI measurements of the 2.2-MeV γ-ray line provide an estimate of the number of interacting flare-accelerated protons in this event, which leads to an improved estimate of ENA production by flare-accelerated protons. Taking into account ENA losses, we find that the observed ENAs must have been produced in the high corona at heliocentric distances ≥ 2 solar radii. Although there are no CME images from this event, it is shown that CME-shock-accelerated protons can, in principle, produce a time-history consistent with the observations

Solar Energetic Particle Spectral Breaks

The five large solar particle events during October–November 2003 presented an opportunity to test shock acceleration models with in-situ observations. We use solar particle spectra of H to Fe ions, measured by instruments on ACE, SAMPEX, and GOES-11, to investigate the Q/M-dependence of spectral breaks in the 28 October 2003 event. We find that the break energies scale as (Q/M)^b with b ≈ 1.56 to 1.75, somewhat less than predicted. We also conclude that SEP spectra >100 MeV/nucleon are best fit by a double power-law shape. ©2005 American Institute of Physic

The SUPERTIGER Instrument: Measurement of Elemental Abundances of Ultra-Heavy Galactic Cosmic Rays

The SuperTIGER (Super Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder) instrument was developed to measure the abundances of galactic cosmic-ray elements from _(10)Ne to _(40)Zr with individual element resolution and the high statistics needed to test models of cosmic-ray origins. SuperTIGER also makes exploratory measurements of the abundances of elements with 40 29 and ∼60 with Z >49. Here, we describe the instrument, the methods of charge identification employed, the SuperTIGER balloon flight, and the instrument performance

Postural evaluation and balance analysis in nordic skiing beginners

Se trata de un estudio de diseño transversal con evaluación del control postural antes-después de un curso de iniciación al esquí nórdico (5 jornadas, 6h/día), a un grupo experimental de 25 sujetos, participantes de la formación, y un grupo control de 8 sujetos. Se pretende evaluar el efecto de un entrenamiento inicial de esquí nórdico sobre el control postural en jóvenes deportistas. La estabilidad corporal se evaluó por medio de un test estabilométrico, calculando el área de desviación del centro de presiones por medio de una plataforma de fuerzas con sensores electrónicos. No se aprecian diferencias significativas en el grado de mejora del equilibrio entre el grupo experimental y el grupo control. Nuevos estudios con una mayor exigencia en la formación en esquí nórdico y un mayor número de sujetos en el grupo control son requeridosCross-sectional study with evaluation of postural control before and after a course of initiation to Nordic skiing (5 days, 6 hours per day). The sample consisted of an experimental group of 25 subjects participated in the training and a control group of 8 subjects. It is intended to evaluate the effect of initial training of Nordic skiing on postural control in young athletes. The physical stability was evaluated by a stabilometric test, calculating the deviation of the area of the center of pressures by the use of a force platform with electronic sensors. No significant differences were observed in the degree of improvement of the balance between the experimental group and the control group. New studies with a greater emphasis on training in Nordic skiing and a greater number of subjects in the control group are require

Galactic Cosmic Ray Origins and OB Associations: Evidence from SuperTIGER Observations of Elements 26_{26}Fe through 40_{40}Zr

We report abundances of elements from $_{26}$Fe to $_{40}$Zr in the cosmic radiation measured by the SuperTIGER (Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder) instrument during 55 days of exposure on a long-duration balloon flight over Antarctica. These observations resolve elemental abundances in this charge range with single-element resolution and good statistics. These results support a model of cosmic-ray origin in which the source material consists of a mixture of 19$^{+11}_{-6}$\% material from massive stars and $\sim$81\% normal interstellar medium (ISM) material with solar system abundances. The results also show a preferential acceleration of refractory elements (found in interstellar dust grains) by a factor of $\sim$4 over volatile elements (found in interstellar gas) ordered by atomic mass (A). Both the refractory and volatile elements show a mass-dependent enhancement with similar slopes.Comment: 9 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables, accepted by Ap

Observations of the longitudinal spread of solar energetic particle events in solar cycle 24

With the twin STEREO spacecraft, significantly separated from L1-based satellites such as ACE, simultaneous multi-point measurements of solar energetic particle (SEP) events can be made for H-Fe ions from a few hundred keV/nuc to over 100 MeV/nuc and for electrons from tens to hundreds of keV. These observations allow studies of the longitudinal characteristics of SEP events to advance beyond statistical analysis of single point measurements. Although there have been few large SEP events thus far in cycle 24, there have been a number of smaller events that have been detected by more than one spacecraft. The composition of these SEP events, as indicated by the H/He and Fe/O abundance ratios, shows a dependence on longitudinal distance from the solar source in some events, at times with ratios varying by an order of magnitude. However, these variations are not organized by either the speed or width of the associated coronal mass ejections

Runner’s Profile and Propensity to Sports Injury

Se evalúa las relaciones entre el perfil sociodemográfico, la accidentabilidad y la propensión al accidente de los participantes en tres eventos deportivos: Zurich Marató de Barcelona, Cros de Muntanya Can Caralleu, y Marató Borredà-Xtrail. Una adaptación del cuestionario de propensión al accidente deportivo (PAD-22) de Latorre y Pantoja (2013) fue administrado a un total de 237 corredores. Los principales resultados muestran que: los corredores tienden a ser mayoritariamente varones, de entre 30 y 46 años, asalariados, con estudios postobligatorios, con experiencia previa en eventos de larga distancia, entrenan una media de 4 veces y un total de 7 horas a la semana; y los corredores de la maratón por asfalto tienen una sobreestimación de la Competencia Percibida y grados de Competitividad mayores a los corredores por montañaThis study evaluates relations between sociodemographic profile, accident rate and accident’s propensity of three sport events participants: Zurich Marató de Barcelona, Cros de Muntanya Can Caralleu & Marató Borredà-Xtrail. The used method was an adaptation of the sports accident prone scale (PAD-22) from Latorre y Pantoja (2013), to 237 runners. The main results show that: runners tend to be mostly men, aged of 30-46 years, are salaried, have post-compulsory studies, have some experience in long distance events, train a mean of 4 times and more than 7 hours per week; and marathon asphalt runners have a overestimation of Perceived Competence and elevated degrees of Competitiveness, more than trail runnersEste trabajo forma parte del Proyecto de Investigación, con código 2014 PINEF 00006 y ha sido realizado con el apoyo del programa de becas predoctorales del Instituto Nacional de Educación Física de Cataluña (PINEFC-2015). Agradecemos el apoyo dado por el INEFC en la realización de este estudio, puesto que, sin su cobijo, no se hubiera podido llevar a cabo con las mismas condicione