Effects of Solar Modulation on the Low-Energy Cosmic Ray Antiproton/Proton Ratio

We examine the transport of cosmic-ray protons and anitprotons from local interstellar space through the interplanetary medium to Earth and discuss the resulting effects on the low-energy antiproton/proton ratio at 1 AU. We find that the antiproton/proton ratio at energies above ~3 GeV is a useful diagnostic of cosmic-ray transport in the Galaxy. However, at energies below ~1 GeV the expected ratio is much more uncertain because of differences in the energy spectra and the resulting relative modulation of protons and antiprotons over the solar cycle, as well as uncertainties in the interstellar spectra. Using calculated interstellar spectra as references, we find that the antiproton/proton ratio at low energies varies by as much as an order of magnitude over the solar cycle. As a result, we recommend that attention be given instead to interpretation of the measured cosmic-ray antiproton energy spectrum rather than to the antiproton/proton ratio

Interpretation of the Low-Energy Cosmic Ray Antiproton/Proton Ratio

We examine the solar modulation of cosmic ray protons and antiprotons, and discuss the resulting effects on the low-energy antiproton/proton ratio at 1 AU. We find that the anitiproton/proton ratio at energies >3 GeV is a useful diagnostic of cosmic ray transport in the Galaxy. However, at energies <l GeV the expected ratio is much more uncertain because of variation in the relative modulation of protons and antiprotons and uncertainties in the interstellar spectra. As a result, it is recouunended that attention be given instead to interpretation of the cosmic ray antiproton energy spectrum measured rather than to the antiproton/proton ratio

La educaci?n f?sica, como medio para fortalecer la psicomotricidad en los ni?os de 4 a?os del nivel jardin en el hogar El Paraiso Infantil del ICBF, en la ciudad de Ibagu?

99 P?ginasRecurso Electr?nicoPor medio de un proceso de investigaci?n formativa y empleando la metodolog?a cualitativa de corte etnogr?fico, se efectu? la caracterizaci?n de los discursos y pr?cticas pedag?gicas que circulan en el hogar infantil, que reflejaron la realidad de la educaci?n impartida a los ni?os del nivel jard?n del hogar infantil el para?so infantil del ICBF. En este proceso se utilizaron t?cnicas e instrumentos esenciales a la investigaci?n cualitativa, como las visitas de campo, observaci?n directa y participativa, recolecci?n de informaci?n, entrevistas informales, an?lisis de informaci?n adem?s de tener en cuenta el proyecto pedag?gico educativo comunitario, la legislaci?n colombiana y decretos reglamentarios. Los sujetos de la investigaci?n padres, docentes, estudiantes y directivos reconocieron la importancia de implementar la educaci?n f?sica, como eje relevante en el fortalecimiento de la psicomotricidad en los ni?os. El desarrollo del proyecto fue significativo y respondi? a lo planteado por las investigadoras, a la vez, de haber logrado que el hogar infantil estableciera acciones para implementar de manera programada esta ?rea tan importante. Las investigadoras concluyen que se conciencio a los directivos y docentes sobre el valor de la educaci?n f?sica y la psicomotricidad en el desarrollo de los ni?os, adem?s de dar a conocer a los padres de familia la importancia de involucrarse en el proceso educativo de sus hijos, as? mismo, se implementaron actividades psicomotrices a trav?s de la educaci?n f?sica con los ni?os y ni?as favoreciendo el desarrollo de habilidades motrices de los ni?os de 4 a?os del nivel jard?n.ABSTRACT. Through a process of formative research using qualitative and ethnographic methodology, the characterization of speeches and teaching practices that circulate in the children's home, which reflected the reality of the education level of children was carried home garden child childhood paradise ICBF. In this process essential technical and qualitative research instruments, such as field visits, direct and participatory observation, data collection, informal interviews, data analysis while taking into account the Community Education Project, Colombian legislation were used and regulatory decrees. The subjects of the research parents, teachers, students and directors recognized the importance of implementing physical education, as relevant to the strengthening of motor skills in children axis. The project was significant and responded to the issues raised by the researchers, in turn, it has made the children's home established to implement such actions scheduled this important area. The researchers conclude that principals and teachers about the value of physical education and psychomotor development of children became aware, in addition to inform parents of the importance of getting involved in the educational process of their children, Likewise, psychomotor activity through physical education with children favoring the development of motor skills of children ages 4 garden level were implemented.INTRODUCCION 11 1. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 14 1.1DESCRIPCI?N DEL PROBLEMA 14 1.2. FORMULACION DEL PROBLEMA 16 2. OBJETIVOS 18 2.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL 18 2.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS 18 3. JUSTIFICACION 19 4. MARCO REFERENCIAL 21 4.1. MARCO TEORICO 21 4.1.2. La Educaci?n f?sica 21 4.1.3. La Psicomotricidad 25 4.2. ANTECEDENTES 31 4.3. MARCO CONTEXTUAL 34 4.4 MARCO LEGAL 35 4.4.1. A Nivel Internacional 36 4.4.2. Nivel Nacional 37 4.4.3. Nivel Local Institucional 40 5. METODOLOGIA 42 5.1. DISE?O METODOLOGICO 43 5.1.1. Descripci?n del Proceso de Investigaci?n 44 5.1.2. T?cnicas e Instrumentos para la Recolecci?n de la Informaci?n 45 5.2. FASES DEL PROYECTO 45 5.2.1. Descripci?n fase I Caracterizaci?n 46 5.2.2. Descripci?n Fase II Intervenci?n 47 5.3. ANALISIS DE RESULTADOS 49 5.3.1. Validez interna 49 5.3.2. Validez externa 50 5.3.3. Confiabilidad 51 5.3.4. Evaluaci?n y seguimiento 52 6. EL PROYECTO DE INTERVENCION 59 6.1. ACTIVIDADES INTEGRADORAS DEL PROYECTO DE INTERVENCION PARA DIRECTIVAS Y DOCENTES 60 6.2. ACTIVIDADES INTEGRADORAS PARA PADRES DE FAMILIA 63 6.3. ACTIVIDADES INTEGRADORAS PARA NI?OS 5 7. EXPERIENCIA PEDAGOGICA 69 8. CONCLUSIONES 71 RECOMENDACIONES 72 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS 73 ANEXOS 7

STEREO Observations of Energetic Neutral Hydrogen Atoms During the 2006 December 5 Solar Flare

We report the discovery of energetic neutral hydrogen atoms (ENAs) emitted during the X9 solar event of 2006 December 5. Beginning ~1 hr following the onset of this E79 flare, the Low Energy Telescopes (LETs) on both the STEREO A and B spacecraft observed a sudden burst of 1.6-15 MeV protons beginning hours before the onset of the main solar energetic particle event at Earth. More than 70% of these particles arrived from a longitude within ±10° of the Sun, consistent with the measurement resolution. The derived emission profile at the Sun had onset and peak times remarkably similar to the GOES soft X-ray profile and continued for more than an hour. The observed arrival directions and energy spectrum argue strongly that the particle events < 5 MeV were due to ENAs. To our knowledge, this is the first reported observation of ENA emission from a solar flare/coronal mass ejection. Possible origins for the production of ENAs in a large solar event are considered. We conclude that the observed ENAs were most likely produced in the high corona and that charge-transfer reactions between accelerated protons and partially stripped coronal ions are an important source of ENAs in solar events

HNX/SuperTIGER Silicon Strip Detector Response to Nuclei in Lead Primary and Fragmented Test Beams

The response to 150 GeV/nuc primary lead (^(208)Pb) and fragmented (A/Z=2.4, 2.2, 2.0) beams measured a silicon strip detector, designed for use in the Heavy Nuclei eXplorer (HNX) and an upgrade of the Super Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder (SuperTIGER) balloon experiment, was evaluated in a CERN test beam (H8A) during Nov - Dec 2018. The 500 μm thick, single-sided silicon detectors have 32 DC-coupled strips with 3 mm pitch on the junction side with 9.6×9.6 cm^2 active area. Discrete charge-preamplifiers and shaping amplifiers were used to read out the ohmic and junction side signals simultaneously using the SuperTIGER DAQ system. We report on the response in a configuration where all 32 strips were joined and read out together. The strip detector-under-test was situated between planar silicon detectors, which provided the charge selection as well as a comparison of the measured response of each detector. The combined data set shows excellent charge resolution and finely resolved elemental peaks from helium (Z=2) through lead (Z=82). In this paper, we provide a description of the test beam experiment and the results of the charge resolution analysis

STEREO and ACE Observations of Energetic Particles from Corotating Interaction Regions

Since early 2007, significant particle enhancements due to corotating interaction regions (CIRs) have regularly appeared at 1 AU without any appreciable contamination from solar energetic particles (SEPs). In 2009 the prevalence of CIRs diminished as the maximum speed of the high speed solar wind streams in the ecliptic decreased along with the tilt of the heliospheric current sheet. Observations of CIR time profiles at different longitudes from STEREO show delays between the Behind and Ahead spacecraft that are often roughly as expected from the corotation time lag, although small differences in the spacecraft latitudes introduce significant scatter in the time delays. In some cases different features seen at Ahead and Behind suggest that transient disturbances in the solar wind may alter connection to or transport from the shock, or that temporal changes occur in the CIR shock itself. H and He data from STEREO/LET at 1.8–6 MeV/nucleon show that 1) the CIR spectral index at these energies is ~−4, independent of intensity but with considerable variability, 2) the He/H ratio is ~0.03 for larger CIRs but varies systematically with energy and event intensity, and 3) although the correlation between the CIR MeV particle increases and solar wind speed is generally good, many times a high-speed stream is not associated with MeV particles, while at other times a recurring series of CIR particle increases appears only at higher energies and may be associated with current sheet crossings and low speed solar wind

G-Sense: a scalable architecture for global sensing and monitoring

The pervasiveness of cellular phones combined with Internet connectivity, GPS embedded chips, location information, and integrated sensors provide an excellent platform to collect data about the individual and its surrounding environment. As a result, new applications have recently appeared to address large-scale societal problems as well as improve the quality of life of the individual. However, these new applications, recently called location-based services, participatory sensing, and human-centric sensing, bring many new challenges, one of them being the management of the huge amount of traffic (data) they generate. This article presents G-Sense, for Global-Sense, an architecture that integrates mobile and static wireless sensor networks in support of location-based services, participatory sensing, and human-centric sensing applications. G-Sense includes specific mechanisms to control the amount of data generated by these applications while meeting the application requirements. Furthermore, it creates a network of servers organized in a peer-to-peer architecture to address scalability and reliability issues. An example prototype application is presented along with some basic results and open research issues