Epidermolisis Bulosa. Revisión Bibliográfica. 2008

“…El término ″epidermolisis bullosa″ fue sellado por Köbneren 1886.” La misma engloba un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades hereditarias raras de la piel por alteraciones en los genes responsables de la formación de la epidermis y dermis. La alteración genética que causa la enfermedad puede ser heredada  debido a una mutación genética durante el embarazo (“de novo”) Se caracteriza por una erupción de ampollas en la piel de forma espontánea o por traumatismos mínimos, ampollas que al romperse pueden producir lesiones hemorrágicas. Los enfermos de epidermólisis bullosa tienen la piel tan frágil como las alas de una mariposa, por eso los niños que la padecen son conocidos como "niños mariposa"

Lactancia Natural. Revisión Bibliográfica.

It was performed a bibliographic revision about Natural Breastfeeding, approaching the antecedents, maternal breastfeeding in Latin America and Cuba, consequences of giving up the exclusive breastfeeding and promotion of maternal breastfeeding.Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre lactancia natural, abordando los antecedentes, lactancia materna en Latinoamérica y Cuba, consecuencias del abandono del amamantamiento exclusivo y promoción de la lactancia materna

Conocimientos y habilidades sobre lactancia materna, 2006

An intervention study was made to 30 pregnant women from 10 doctor´s office from polyclinic Jimmy Hirtzel, Bayamo municipality, Granma province to determine knowledge and abilities about breastfeeding before, and after of applying an educative program. A survey was applied with different variables: age, intelectual level and occupation. It was evaluated knowledge and abilities using a written exam, then there was applied an educative program created for this purpose and finally a verifying exam. There were used as measures absolute numbers and per cent, together with chi squared to related samples with a significance level of α = 0.05. Before the application of the program prevailed pregnant women evaluated with bad qualification in 53.3% in the group from 20 to 34 years old. After the intervention all pregnant women (100%) had acquired good Knowledge and abilities. All pregnant women received information from their own physician during pregnancy.Se realizó un estudio de intervención a 30 embarazadas de 10 consultorios médicos del Policlínico “Jimmy Hirtzel”, con el objetivo de determinar los conocimientos y habilidades sobre lactancia materna de las mismas, antes y después de aplicado un programa educativo. Se les llenó un cuestionario donde se recogieron las variables: edad, nivel intelectual y ocupación; se les evaluó sus conocimientos y habilidades sobre lactancia materna a través de un examen escrito; luego se les aplicó un programa educativo elaborado al efecto, y finalmente, un examen comprobatorio de los conocimientos y habilidades adquiridos. Se utilizaron como medidas de resumen los números absolutos y por ciento y se analizaron las pruebas de Chi Cuadrado para muestras relacionadas con un nivel de significación (α = 0.05). Se concluyó que antes de aplicar el programa educativo predominaron las embarazadas evaluadas de mal en un 53.3%; las del grupo de 20 a 34 años. Después de la intervención, el 100% había adquirido buenos conocimientos y habilidades. Las 30 embarazadas recibieron la mayor información de su médico de familia, durante el embarazo

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit