A comparative study of pose representation and dynamics modelling for online motion quality assessment

© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. Quantitative assessment of the quality of motion is increasingly in demand by clinicians in healthcare and rehabilitation monitoring of patients. We study and compare the performances of different pose representations and HMM models of dynamics of movement for online quality assessment of human motion. In a general sense, our assessment framework builds a model of normal human motion from skeleton-based samples of healthy individuals. It encapsulates the dynamics of human body pose using robust manifold representation and a first-order Markovian assumption. We then assess deviations from it via a continuous online measure. We compare different feature representations, reduced dimensionality spaces, and HMM models on motions typically tested in clinical settings, such as gait on stairs and flat surfaces, and transitions between sitting and standing. Our dataset is manually labelled by a qualified physiotherapist. The continuous-state HMM, combined with pose representation based on body-joints' location, outperforms standard discrete-state HMM approaches and other skeleton-based features in detecting gait abnormalities, as well as assessing deviations from the motion model on a frame-by-frame basis

The Meisenheimer rearrangement in heterocyclic synthesis. I. Synthesis of some tetrahydro-2,3-benzoxazepines

Melt pyrolysis of the cis-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline N-oxide (2b) afforded the Meisenheimer rearrangement product, 7,8-dimethoxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,3,4,5- tetrahydro-2,3-benzoxazepine (5b), in good yield, as did pyrolysis of the corresponding trans-N-oxide (3b) (in a melt) or a mixture of (2b) and (3b) (melt or in solution). The synthesis of the 1-deuterated analogue, (5c), of (5b) is described, together with products derived from (5b) by cleavage of the N-O bond which were used to confirm its structure. Meisenheimer rearrangement of the N-oxides (10) and (11) of 6,7-dimethoxy-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 2-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline gave the analogous 2,3-benzoxazepine derivatives (12) and (13), respectively