Sub-graph based Multicast Protection in WDM Networks: A Multi/Many-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms approaches

In this paper is addressed the multicast routing-and-protection, and wavelength assignment (MRPWA) problem which is critical for the success of applications point-multipoint in WDM networks. Basically, it is proposed the design of the primary and protection multicast routes, where the resources protection are based on sub-graph protection strategy subject to the quality requirements of the QoP protection: dedicated (1 + 1), shared (M: N) and better effort (without protection). In this way, NSGA-II and NSGA-III, evolutionary algorithms, are applied to MRPWA considering multi- and many-objectives optimization context, respectively. The evolutionary algorithms optimize simultaneously: (i) the total number of links used, (ii) the number of wavelength converters, (iii) the number of splitter nodes, and (iv) the number of destinations served-and-protected. Considering Hyper-volume measure, the experimental tests on a set of instances indicate that the protection approach based on sub-graph proves to be promising in comparison to the dualtree protection strategy. On the other hand, the evolutionary technique oriented to many-objectives (NSGA-III) is more convenient than the oriented towards multi-objectives (NSGA-II) in the study problem.XIII Workshop Arquitectura, Redes (WARSO)Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Sub-graph based Multicast Protection in WDM Networks: A Multi/Many-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms approaches

In this paper is addressed the multicast routing-and-protection, and wavelength assignment (MRPWA) problem which is critical for the success of applications point-multipoint in WDM networks. Basically, it is proposed the design of the primary and protection multicast routes, where the resources protection are based on sub-graph protection strategy subject to the quality requirements of the QoP protection: dedicated (1 + 1), shared (M: N) and better effort (without protection). In this way, NSGA-II and NSGA-III, evolutionary algorithms, are applied to MRPWA considering multi- and many-objectives optimization context, respectively. The evolutionary algorithms optimize simultaneously: (i) the total number of links used, (ii) the number of wavelength converters, (iii) the number of splitter nodes, and (iv) the number of destinations served-and-protected. Considering Hyper-volume measure, the experimental tests on a set of instances indicate that the protection approach based on sub-graph proves to be promising in comparison to the dualtree protection strategy. On the other hand, the evolutionary technique oriented to many-objectives (NSGA-III) is more convenient than the oriented towards multi-objectives (NSGA-II) in the study problem.XIII Workshop Arquitectura, Redes (WARSO)Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Exact monopole instantons and cosmological solutions in string theory from abelian dimensional reduction

We compute the exact string vacuum backgrounds corresponding to the non-compact coset theory $SU(2,1)/SU(2)$. The conformal field theory defined by the level $k= 4$ results in a five dimensional singular solution that factorizes in an asymptotic region as the linear dilaton solution and a $S^3$ model. It presents two abelian compact isometries that allow to reinterpreting it from a four dimensional point of view as a stationary and magnetically charged space-time resembling in some aspects the Kerr-Newman solution of general relativity. The $k=\frac{13}{7}$ theory on the other hand describes a cosmological solution that interpolates between a singular phase at short times and a $S^1 \times S^2$ universe after some planckian times.Comment: 18 pages, section 5 replaced by 5 and 6, references added; to appear in Phys. Rev.

Cadmium affects the mitochondrial viability and the acid soluble thiols concentration in liver, kidney, heart and gills of Ancistrus brevifilis (Eigenmann, 1920)

The freshwater fish Ancistrus brevifilis, which is found in Venezuelan rivers, is considered a potential sentinel fish in ecotoxicological studies. The cadmium (Cd) effect on the mitochondrial viability (MV) and acid soluble thiols levels (AST) in A. brevifilis tissues (liver, kidney, heart, and gill) was evaluated. Forty-two fish with similar sizes and weights were randomly selected, of which 7 fish (with their respective replicate) were exposed for 7 and 30 days to a Cd sublethal concentration (0.1 mg.l-1). We determined the MV through a Janus Green B colorimetric assay and we obtained the concentration of AST by Ellman’s method. Mitochondrial viability decreased in fish exposed to Cd for 30 days with the liver being the most affected tissue. We also detected a significant decrease in AST levels was in fishes exposed to Cd for 7 days in liver and kidney tissues; these results suggests that AST levels are elevated in some tissues may act as cytoprotective and adaptive alternative mechanism related to the ROS detoxification, maintenance redox status and mitochondrial viability. Organ-specifics variations were observed in both assays. We conclude that the Cd exposure effect on AST levels and MV, vary across fish tissues and is related to the exposure duration, the molecule dynamics in different tissues, the organism and environmental conditions.Keywords: Ancistrus brevifilis, Cadmium, Soluble thiols, Janus Green B, Mitochondrial viability

Sexual Risks and Concerns about AIDS among Adolescents in Anguilla

Concerns regarding HIV/AIDS infection and the health risk behaviours among youth in the Caribbean are growing. Considering that approximately 30% of the Caribbean\u27s population falls between the ages of 10 to 24, there is considerable need for research on youth in this region. This paper reports findings regarding the sexual risks and concerns about AIDS among 1,225 enrolled school students in Anguilla, drawn from self-administered health surveys conducted in 2002. Although over 40% of youth reported lifetime alcohol use, experience with other drugs was moderate. Males initiated sexual activity at a much younger median age than females (11 years for males vs. 14 years for females), and were twice as likely to have had sexual intercourse. In a multivariate logistic regression model, being sexually active was predicted by male gender (p=.000), recent substance use (p=.000), recent depression (p=.018), and a history of physical (p=.025) and sexual (p=.000) abuse. Only 22% of sexually active youth under 12 years of age reported using condoms at last intercourse, compared to 71% of those 13 and over. Older sexually active youth were also much more likely than younger ones to express ongoing concern about becoming infected with HIV. Implications for needed HIV/AIDS-prevention interventions are discussed

Human Mars Entry, Descent and Landing Architecture Study: Deployable Decelerators

NASAs Entry, Descent and Landing Architecture Study uses a trajectory simulation framework to evaluate various technologies and concepts of operations for human scale EDL at Mars. The study results inform agency technology investments. This paper summarizes the design assumptions and analysis of two deployable entry concepts performed in Phase 2 of the study. The entry concepts include a rigid deployable called the Adaptable Deployable Entry Placement Technology and an inflatable concept called the Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator. This paper describes the concept operations of these vehicles to deliver a 20-metric ton payload to the surface of Mars. Details of vehicle design and flight performance are summarized along with results of analysis on the aft body heating and its effect on the payload. Finally, recommended technology investments based on the results are presented

Gravitating sphalerons and sphaleron black holes in asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetime

Numerical arguments are presented for the existence of spherically symmetric regular and black hole solutions of the EYMH equations with a negative cosmological constant. These solutions approach asymptotically the anti-de Sitter spacetime. The main properties of the solutions and the differences with respect to the asymptotically flat case are discussed. The instability of the gravitating sphaleron solutions is also proven.Comment: 30 pages, LaTeX, 8 Encapsulated PostScript figure