3 research outputs found
PERCEPTIONS AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY BY IMMIGRANT FARMERS IN SEMI-ARID REGIONS OF KENYA
Kenya comprises of 83% arid and semi-arid land mainly suited to
extensive livestock production. Communities living in the semi-arid
areas have been affected by serious effects of climate change and
variability. A study was carried out to evaluate farmer perceptions and
adaptation to climate change in Naro Moru and Nairutia areas (both in
Nyeri North District) and Matanya in Lamuria Division in Laikipia East
District, areas that are typically semi-arid in nature. The farmers
identified environmental destruction as the major contributor to the
visible effects of climate change and variability in the region. The
main indicators are erratic and low rainfalls, frequent droughts and
dust storms, low crop yields and high day and low night time
temperatures. The effects of climate change resulted into increased
levels of poverty, food insecurity, change in biodiversity and scarcity
of resources such as water and indigenous trees which are sources of
medicine, nectar, fuel wood, timber and fodder. Changes in biodiversity
entail disappearance of wild animals and insects such as safari ants
and an upsurge of pests (e.g. centipedes, millipedes and birds). The
reduced availability of resources has changed the people\u2019s
attitudes towards the need to conserve the natural resources and
enhance food security through self and group initiatives. The biggest
efforts have been towards tree planting and husbandry and adoption of
appropriate technologies and farming methods.Le Kenya comprend 83% de terres arides et semi arides utilis\ue9es
principalement \ue0 l\u2019\ue9levage extensif. Les
communaut\ue9s vivant dans ces r\ue9gions ont \ue9t\ue9
affect\ue9es par de s\ue9rieux effets de la variabilit\ue9 et du
changement climatique. Une \ue9tude \ue9tait men\ue9e pour
\ue9valuer les perceptions paysannes et l\u2019adaptation au
changement climatique dans les milieux de NaoMoru et Nairutia (tous
dans le district du Nyeru au Nord) et dans la Division de Lamuria
\ue0 Matanyu dans le District Est \ue0 Laikipia, milieux
typiquement \ue0 nature semi aride. Les fermiers ont identifi\ue9
la destruction environnementale comme \ue9tant la cause majeure aux
effets visibles du changement et la variabilit\ue9 climatique dans la
r\ue9gion. Les indicateurs principaux sont des pr\ue9cipitations
erratiques et faibles, de s\ue9cheresses fr\ue9quentes et pluies
orageuses, faibles rendements des cultures et des temp\ue9ratures
nocturnes \ue9lev\ue9es et basses. Des effets du changement
climatique a r\ue9sult\ue9 une augmentation \ue9lev\ue9 du
niveau de la pauvret\ue9, l\u2019ins\ue9curit\ue9 alimentaire,
le changement dans la biodiversit\ue9 et le manque des ressources
comme l\u2019eau et les arbres indig\ue8nes \ue0 usage comme
mat\ue9riel de m\ue9decine, nectar, bois de chauffe, planches et
alimentation du b\ue9tail. Le changement dans la biodiversit\ue9
signifie la disparition de la faune et insectes tels que les termites
et l\u2019apparition des pestes (centip\ue8des, millip\ue8des et
oiseaux). La disponibilit\ue9 r\ue9duite des ressources a
chang\ue9 les attitudes de la population en rapport avec le besoin
dans la conservation des ressources naturelles et
l\u2019am\ue9lioration de la s\ue9curit\ue9 alimentaire \ue0
travers des initiatives personnelles et priv\ue9es. De plus grands
efforts ont \ue9t\ue9 faits pour la plantation d\u2019arbres et
l\u2019\ue9levage ainsi que l\u2019adoption appropri\ue9e des
technologies et des m\ue9thodes d\u2019exploitation agricoles
PERCEPTIONS AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY BY IMMIGRANT FARMERS IN SEMI-ARID REGIONS OF KENYA
Kenya comprises of 83% arid and semi-arid land mainly suited to
extensive livestock production. Communities living in the semi-arid
areas have been affected by serious effects of climate change and
variability. A study was carried out to evaluate farmer perceptions and
adaptation to climate change in Naro Moru and Nairutia areas (both in
Nyeri North District) and Matanya in Lamuria Division in Laikipia East
District, areas that are typically semi-arid in nature. The farmers
identified environmental destruction as the major contributor to the
visible effects of climate change and variability in the region. The
main indicators are erratic and low rainfalls, frequent droughts and
dust storms, low crop yields and high day and low night time
temperatures. The effects of climate change resulted into increased
levels of poverty, food insecurity, change in biodiversity and scarcity
of resources such as water and indigenous trees which are sources of
medicine, nectar, fuel wood, timber and fodder. Changes in biodiversity
entail disappearance of wild animals and insects such as safari ants
and an upsurge of pests (e.g. centipedes, millipedes and birds). The
reduced availability of resources has changed the people’s
attitudes towards the need to conserve the natural resources and
enhance food security through self and group initiatives. The biggest
efforts have been towards tree planting and husbandry and adoption of
appropriate technologies and farming methods.Le Kenya comprend 83% de terres arides et semi arides utilisées
principalement à l’élevage extensif. Les
communautés vivant dans ces régions ont été
affectées par de sérieux effets de la variabilité et du
changement climatique. Une étude était menée pour
évaluer les perceptions paysannes et l’adaptation au
changement climatique dans les milieux de NaoMoru et Nairutia (tous
dans le district du Nyeru au Nord) et dans la Division de Lamuria
Ă Matanyu dans le District Est Ă Laikipia, milieux
typiquement à nature semi aride. Les fermiers ont identifié
la destruction environnementale comme Ă©tant la cause majeure aux
effets visibles du changement et la variabilité climatique dans la
région. Les indicateurs principaux sont des précipitations
erratiques et faibles, de sécheresses fréquentes et pluies
orageuses, faibles rendements des cultures et des températures
nocturnes élevées et basses. Des effets du changement
climatique a résulté une augmentation élevé du
niveau de la pauvreté, l’insécurité alimentaire,
le changement dans la biodiversité et le manque des ressources
comme l’eau et les arbres indigènes à usage comme
matériel de médecine, nectar, bois de chauffe, planches et
alimentation du bétail. Le changement dans la biodiversité
signifie la disparition de la faune et insectes tels que les termites
et l’apparition des pestes (centipèdes, millipèdes et
oiseaux). La disponibilité réduite des ressources a
changé les attitudes de la population en rapport avec le besoin
dans la conservation des ressources naturelles et
l’amĂ©lioration de la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire Ă
travers des initiatives personnelles et privées. De plus grands
efforts ont été faits pour la plantation d’arbres et
l’élevage ainsi que l’adoption appropriée des
technologies et des méthodes d’exploitation agricoles
Final Report CCM.V-K3: CCM Key Comparison of Viscosity
This report describes the third CCM key comparison in capillary viscometry at twelve National Metrology Institutes (NMIs), which was carried out between October 2012 and February 2013. Seven NMIs, which do not maintain an independent viscosity scale, also took part in this comparison. Three samples of Newtonian liquids with nominal kinematic viscosities of 6 mm(2)/s at 15 degrees C and 5 mm(2)/s at 20 degrees C, 2000 mm(2)/s at 20 degrees C and 500 mm(2)/s at 40 degrees C, and 160000 mm(2)/s at 20 degrees C and 25000 mm(2)/s at 40 degrees C prepared by NMIJ were provided to each of the NMIs. For each of these liquids at two temperatures, total number of 98 measurements was carried out and from the results of viscosity measurements, the key comparison reference values (KCRVs) for six data sets were determined. The degrees of equivalences was evaluated by difference from the KCRV and, with a few exceptions, these differences were almost equal to or less than expanded uncertainties, showing a good equivalencies of capabilities at the participating NMIs for the viscosity measurements in wide range of viscosities covered from 5 mm(2)/s to 160000 mm(2)/s