Application Effect of Integrated Water and Fertilizer Technology for Tomato

Integrated water and fertilizer technology has the advantages of saving water, fertilizer and labour, which is widely applied in tomato plantation. Integrated water and fertilizer technology in topdressing and whole process of big and small tomatoes were studied, and their application effects were contrasted and analyzed, and application advantages and scopes of the two models were concluded

Controlling the Size of Taurine Crystals in the Cooling Crystallization Process

Taurine crystals (TC) with high fluidity, anticaking, and antisticking properties are commercially required by manufacturers Crystal size and shape are two main factors controlling these properties. This study investigated the size and shape of TCs produced by a cooling crystallization processing. The addition of activated carbon to decolor the product exhibited negligible effects on the size of TCs. Increasing the crystallization temperature resulted in the formation of small-size crystals, whereas TC size decreased as the stirring rate increased A careful control of post high-speed stirring aging in a slowly stirred system enabled the preparation of larger crystals. The estimation of optimal crystallization time is crucial as lengthening the crystallization time might not effectively increase the overall size of the crystals. It was found that the shape of the TC was not affected by various operating conditions, delineating a similar inherent molecular arrangement of taurine molecules under the range of operating conditions tested These findings contribute to the understanding of controlling properties of TCs for industrial manufacturing via the cooling crystallization method

Controlling the Size of Taurine Crystals in the Cooling Crystallization Process

Taurine crystals (TC) with high fluidity, anticaking, and antisticking properties are commercially required by manufacturers. Crystal size and shape are two main factors controlling these properties. This study investigated the size and shape of TCs produced by a cooling crystallization processing. The addition of activated carbon to decolor the product exhibited negligible effects on the size of TCs. Increasing the crystallization temperature resulted in the formation of small-size crystals, whereas TC size decreased as the stirring rate increased. A careful control of post high-speed stirring aging in a slowly stirred system enabled the preparation of larger crystals. The estimation of optimal crystallization time is crucial as lengthening the crystallization time might not effectively increase the overall size of the crystals. It was found that the shape of the TC was not affected by various operating conditions, delineating a similar inherent molecular arrangement of taurine molecules under the range of operating conditions tested. These findings contribute to the understanding of controlling properties of TCs for industrial manufacturing via the cooling crystallization method

Interobserver variability in target volume delineation in definitive radiotherapy for thoracic esophageal cancer: a multi-center study from China

Abstract Purpose To investigate the interobserver variability (IOV) in target volume delineation of definitive radiotherapy for thoracic esophageal cancer (TEC) among cancer centers in China, and ultimately improve contouring consistency as much as possible to lay the foundation for multi-center prospective studies. Methods Sixteen cancer centers throughout China participated in this study. In Phase 1, three suitable cases with upper, middle, and lower TEC were chosen, and participants were asked to contour a group of gross tumor volume (GTV-T), nodal gross tumor volume (GTV-N) and clinical target volume (CTV) for each case based on their routine experience. In Phase 2, the same clinicians were instructed to follow a contouring protocol to re-contour another group of target volume. The variation of the target volume was analyzed and quantified using dice similarity coefficient (DSC). Results Sixteen clinicians provided routine volumes, whereas ten provided both routine and protocol volumes for each case. The IOV of routine GTV-N was the most striking in all cases, with the smallest DSC of 0.37 (95% CI 0.32–0.42), followed by CTV, whereas GTV-T showed high consistency. After following the protocol, the smallest DSC of GTV-N was improved to 0.64 (95% CI 0.45–0.83, P = 0.005) but the DSC of GTV-T and CTV remained constant in most cases. Conclusion Variability in target volume delineation was observed, but it could be significantly reduced and controlled using mandatory interventions