Optimization Of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Of Flavonoids From Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) Leaves Using Respon Surface Methodology

Binahong (Anredera scandens (L.) Moq.) leaves are one of the plants that empirically can be used for wound healing and contain flavonoids which have antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Determination of the optimum conditions of the Binahong leaf extraction process needs to be done to ensure the extraction quality of the Binahong leaves associated with the given activity. Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) is an extraction that utilizes microwave radiation to heat the solvent quickly and efficiently. This study aims to determine the most effective binahong leaf extraction conditions that produce optimal levels of flavonoids and antioxidant activity. The extraction process was carried out using the Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method. Determination of optimum conditions is done based on Response Surface Method (RSM) with variable ethanol concentration (70%, 80% and 90%), extraction time (4, 12 and 20 minutes) and power (450, 600, and 800 watts) using Box- Behnken Design (BBD) with Design Expert 7.0 software. The extract quality parameters measured were total flavonoid levels and antioxidant activity. The results showed the optimum conditions with the BBD method were obtained at an ethanol concentration of 81.49%, extraction time of 13.84 minutes, and power of 626.19 watts with flavonoid levels of 3.8561% and antioxidant activity (IC50) of 95.51834 ppm with active categories

Exploring unusual metastasis in carcinoma breast: Divulging vulval metastasis

Regional lymph nodes, bones, brain, lung, and liver are the most common sites of the breast carcinoma metastases. Nodular or ulcerated lesions over the vulva are ignored for a long time as benign lesions by the patient and there is a lot of hesitance to undergo the examination. Here, we report the case of a 41-year-old female with an isolated, asymptomatic vulval metastasis of Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. The purpose of reporting this case is to make the clinicians aware of this rare site of metastasis of breast cancer and the importance of pelvic examination in follow-up patients

Sex differences in drug effects and/or toxicity in oncology

The prevalence, incidence, and severity of a wide variety of diseases and ailments are significantly influenced by the significant disparities that occur between the sexes. The way that men and women react to pharmacological treatment also varies. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend these reactions in order to conduct risk assessment correctly and to develop safe and efficient therapies. Even from that limited vantage point, the manner and timing of our drug usage might have unintended and unanticipated consequences. There are sex-specific differences in the incidence and mortality of certain malignancies. One of the most important discoveries in cancer epidemiology is the gender inequalities. Cancer incidence differences between the sexes are thought to be regulated at the genetic and molecular levels and by sex hormones like oestrogen. Differences based on sex and gender are among the least investigated factors impacting cancer susceptibility, progression, survival, and therapy response despite their established importance in clinical care. The molecular mechanisms underlying sex differences in particular are poorly known, hence the majority of precision medicine approaches employ mutational or other genetic data to assign therapy without taking into account how the patient's sex may affect therapeutic efficacy. In patients receiving chemotherapy, there are definite gender-dependent disparities in response rates and the likelihood of side effects. This review explores the influence of sex as a biological variable in drug effects or toxicity in oncology

Improved photocatalytic efficiency of rare earth metal-incorporated magnesium oxide nano-hexagonal sheets for the degradation of Ciprofloxacin and Methylene Blue dye under visible light irradiation

Researchers worldwide are working hard to develop nanoparticles that can be used for the photocatalytic degradation of dangerous substances and antibiotics. In this report, we present a study on how to make yttrium-incorporated magnesium oxide nanoparticles using hydrothermal and calcination methods. These particles measure around 50 nm and have excellent photocatalytic properties. We analyzed them using various physiochemical techniques like X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with EDAX, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultra-violet diffused reflectance spectroscopy. The nanohexagons created in this study showed reduced band gap energy from 4.8 eV to 3.8 eV when yttrium was incorporated into MgO nanohexagons resulting in an unusual increase in light absorption within the visible light region. Experimental reports show these synthesized nanoparticles could degrade about 66.5 % antibiotic Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and 79 % Methylene Blue (MB) dye respectively with .O2– playing a significant role at every step during the degradation process. This study demonstrates that these synthesized nanohexagons have practical applications as promising photocatalysts for treating toxic contaminants found in industrial effluents