Fig. 97. Male Alaeho linoi n in Family Clubionidae Wagner- Genera Alaeho, Castianeira, Agroeca, Phrurolithus & Scotinella

Fig. 97. Male Alaeho linoi n. sp. (a); cheliceral teeth (b); sternum, labium, and maxillae (c); and ventral view of palp (d

Pathogenicity of Beauveria Bassiana on Brown Planthopper (BPH), Whitebacked Planthopper (WBPH), and Green Leafhopper (GLH)

Laboratory studies indicated that several Asian strains of Beauveria bassiana have potential as biological control agents of the brown planthopper [Nilaparvata lugens], the green leafhopper [Nephotettix sp.] and the whitebacked planthopper [Sogatella furcifera] on rice. Isolates E, RS149 and 101481-5 were the most virulent against all the species, and RS149 and 101481-5 were more virulent against N. lugens than against the other 2 species. N. lugens was the most susceptible of the 3 species to B. bassiana. In a further test, isolates 102381-8C, GLH-8 and GLH-20 were the most virulent against N. lugens

Illustrated Guide to Integrated Pest Management in Rice in Tropical Asia

In the past, farmers in tropical Asia grew traditional rice cultivars and either relied primarily on cultural, mechanical, and physical methods of pest control or practiced no pest control. Pesticide application was limited because the yield potential of traditional varieties was too low to justify additional investments. Although pests destroyed part of each crop, severe outbreaks or epidemics were rare. The widespread introduction of high-yielding rice cultivars in Asia in the last two decades and the associated changes in production practices have improved conditions for insects, diseases, weeds, and rodents. The higher yield potential of the new rices also made increased pesticide application economically attractive to farmers. The replacement of traditional control methods by pesticides could increase hazards to nontarget organisms, however, and lead to the development of pesticide resistance and environmental contamination. To minimize such problems, Asian farmers must again diversify their pest control practices — a strategy that scientists now term integrated pest management (IPM). Recently, scientists working in national rice production programs and at international agricultural research centers have written extensively about IPM for tropical rice. Many of the publications are research-oriented, fragmented, and too technical for nonscientists. Furthermore, much of the highly specialized information often focuses on a single species or a small group of pests. This publication provides practical and comprehensive information to IPM workers in rice fields throughout tropical Asia. It briefly discusses rice plant structure and growth stages and stresses their relation to pest management. There are separate sections on cultural control of rice pests, resistant rice varieties, natural enemies of rice insect pests, and pesticides. The biology and management of the major groups of rice pests — insects, diseases, weeds, and rodents — are discussed in separate sections. Finally, integrated control measures for the entire rice pest complex and the implementation of IPM strategies at the farmer level are described

Inhibitory Effects of Insecticides on Entomogenous Fungi Metarhizium Anisopliae and Beauveria Bassiana

The effect on spores of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana of insecticides recommended for the control of the brown planthopper [Nilaparvata lugens] and of insecticides that cause resurgences of this pest on rice was studied in the Philippines. The insecticides were mixed into the culture medium before planting or were surface-applied to hardened media. All insecticides significantly reduced spore germination of both fungi, M. anisopliae being the more sensitive. The recommended insecticides (monocrotophos, BPMC [fenobucarb], carbosulfan, and a mixture containing azinphos-ethyl and fenobucarb) reduced germination more than did the resurgence-causing insecticides (azinphos-ethyl, deltamethrin, parathion-methyl and MIPC [isoprocarb]), probably because a higher dose of the recommended insecticide was applied