Single leg mini squat:an inter-tester reproducibility study of children in the age of 9-10 and 12-14 years presented by various methods of kappa calculation

BACKGROUND: Multiple studies suggest that reduced postural orientation is a possible risk factor for both patello-femoral joint pain (PFP) and rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). In order to prevent PFP and ACL injuries in adolescent athletes, it is necessary to develop simple and predictive screening tests to identify those at high risk. Single Leg Mini Squat (SLMS) is a functional and dynamic real-time screening test, which has shown good validity and reproducibility in evaluation of postural orientation of the knee in an adult population. The aim of this study was to determine the inter-tester reproducibility of SLMS in the age group of 9–10 and 12–14 years by evaluating postural orientation of the ankle, knee, hip and trunk. Further on, this study exemplify the divergence of kappa values when using different methods of calculating kappa for the same dataset. METHODS: A total of 72 non-injured children were included in the study. Postural orientation of the ankle, knee, hip and trunk for both legs was determined by two testers using a four-point scale (ordinal, 0–3). Prevalence, overall agreement as well as four different methods for calculating kappa were evaluated: linear weighted kappa in comparison with un-weighted kappa, prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) and quadratic weighted kappa. RESULTS: The linear weighted kappa values ranged between 0.54-0.86 (overall agreement 0.86-0.97), reflecting a moderate to almost perfect agreement. When calculating un-weighted kappa (with and without PABAK) and quadratic weighted kappa, the results spread between 0.46-0.88, 0.50-0.94, and 0.76-0.95, reflecting the various results when using different methods of kappa calculation. CONCLUSIONS: The Single Leg Mini Squat test has moderate to almost perfect reproducibility in children aged 9–10 and 12–14 years when evaluating postural orientation of the ankles, knees, hips and trunk, based on the excellent strength of agreement as presented by linear weighted kappa. The inconsistency in results when using different methods of kappa calculation demonstrated the linear weighted kappa being generally 15% lower than the quadratic weighted values. On average, prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa increased the un-weighted kappa values by 7% and 12% by children aged 9–10 and 12–14, respectively

Bevægelse i dagtilbud

På legepladsen, i motorikrummet eller på gangene i et dansk dagtilbud støder man helt sikkert på børn, der løber, hopper, tumler eller triller frem og tilbage og ind i mellem hinanden. Det er der mange grunde til at glædes over, og samtidig arbejde for at endnu flere får en fysisk aktiv hverdag i dagtilbud. Det er nemlig sådan, at bevægelse fremmer børns glæde (Sørensen, 2012), og bevægelse har gavnlige effekter på motorisk udvikling, psykosocial sundhed ogkognition hos børn i 0-6 års alderen (Sundhedsstyrelsen, 2016)

Bevægelse i dagtilbud

På legepladsen, i motorikrummet eller på gangene i et dansk dagtilbud støder man helt sikkert på børn, der løber, hopper, tumler eller triller frem og tilbage og ind i mellem hinanden. Det er der mange grunde til at glædes over, og samtidig arbejde for at endnu flere får en fysisk aktiv hverdag i dagtilbud. Det er nemlig sådan, at bevægelse fremmer børns glæde (Sørensen, 2012), og bevægelse har gavnlige effekter på motorisk udvikling, psykosocial sundhed ogkognition hos børn i 0-6 års alderen (Sundhedsstyrelsen, 2016)

Bevægelse i dagtilbud

På legepladsen, i motorikrummet eller på gangene i et dansk dagtilbud støder man helt sikkert på børn, der løber, hopper, tumler eller triller frem og tilbage og ind i mellem hinanden. Det er der mange grunde til at glædes over, og samtidig arbejde for at endnu flere får en fysisk aktiv hverdag i dagtilbud. Det er nemlig sådan, at bevægelse fremmer børns glæde (Sørensen, 2012), og bevægelse har gavnlige effekter på motorisk udvikling, psykosocial sundhed ogkognition hos børn i 0-6 års alderen (Sundhedsstyrelsen, 2016)

Redskaber til monitorering af trafikken (REMOTE)

GPS data fra kørende biler vil sandsynligvis i fremtiden erstatte traditionelle spoler i vejene som grundlaget for realtidstrafikinformation. I denne artikel beskrives et projekt under EU’s VIKING program, hvor der er udviklet udstyr til indsamling og behandling af GPS data fra kørende biler med henblik på realtidstrafikinformation. Endvidere beskrives et feltforsøg med 10 taxier

Redskaber til monitorering af trafikken [REMOTE]

GPS data fra kørende biler vil sandsynligvis i fremtiden erstatte traditionelle spoler i vejene som grundlaget for realtidstrafikinformation. I denne artikel beskrives et projekt under EU’s VIKING program, hvor der er udviklet udstyr til indsamling og behandling af GPS data fra kørende biler med henblik på realtidstrafikinformation. Endvidere beskrives et feltforsøg med 10 taxier

Physical fitness is longitudinally associated with academic performance during childhood and adolescence, and waist circumference mediated the relationship

Purpose: The current investigation aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between physical fitness and academic performance over 3 years in adolescents. A secondary aim was to determine to what extent waist circumference mediated the association between physical fitness and academic performance. Methods: For the current study, 1020 students from first grade [mean age: 7.87 (0.34) y] to fifth grade [mean age: 11.87 (0.37) y] were monitored annually for 3 years (2010–2013). Physical fitness was assessed using the Andersen test, 5 × 5-m shuttle run, jump height, and grip strength tests and by constructing a composite score combining all 4 fitness tests. Academic performance was assessed by national standardized tests in Danish language and math. Generalized structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the relationships between these variables. Results: The Andersen test (standardized β = 0.15 SD), shuttle run (β = −0.18 SD), jump height (β = 0.10 SD), and the fitness composite score (β = 0.23 SD) were positively associated with academic performance over 3 years. In addition, waist circumference partially mediated the association between physical fitness and academic performance. Conclusion: Thus, physical fitness abilities should be stimulated during childhood and early adolescence because of their positive association with academic performance

Physical fitness is longitudinally associated with academic performance during childhood and adolescence, and waist circumference mediated the relationship

Purpose: The current investigation aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between physical fitness and academic performance over 3 years in adolescents. A secondary aim was to determine to what extent waist circumference mediated the association between physical fitness and academic performance. Methods: For the current study, 1020 students from first grade [mean age: 7.87 (0.34) y] to fifth grade [mean age: 11.87 (0.37) y] were monitored annually for 3 years (2010–2013). Physical fitness was assessed using the Andersen test, 5 × 5-m shuttle run, jump height, and grip strength tests and by constructing a composite score combining all 4 fitness tests. Academic performance was assessed by national standardized tests in Danish language and math. Generalized structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the relationships between these variables. Results: The Andersen test (standardized β = 0.15 SD), shuttle run (β = −0.18 SD), jump height (β = 0.10 SD), and the fitness composite score (β = 0.23 SD) were positively associated with academic performance over 3 years. In addition, waist circumference partially mediated the association between physical fitness and academic performance. Conclusion: Thus, physical fitness abilities should be stimulated during childhood and early adolescence because of their positive association with academic performance

Physical fitness is longitudinally associated with academic performance during childhood and adolescence, and waist circumference mediated the relationship

Accepted author manuscript version (post-print) reprinted, by permission, from Pediatric Exercise Science, 2018, 30(3): 317-325, https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2017-0206. © Human Kinetics, Inc.Purpose: The current investigation aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between physical fitness and academic performance over 3 years in adolescents. A secondary aim was to determine to what extent waist circumference mediated the association between physical fitness and academic performance. Methods: For the current study, 1020 students from first grade [mean age: 7.87 (0.34) y] to fifth grade [mean age: 11.87 (0.37) y] were monitored annually for 3 years (2010–2013). Physical fitness was assessed using the Andersen test, 5 × 5-m shuttle run, jump height, and grip strength tests and by constructing a composite score combining all 4 fitness tests. Academic performance was assessed by national standardized tests in Danish language and math. Generalized structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the relationships between these variables. Results: The Andersen test (standardized β = 0.15 SD), shuttle run (β = −0.18 SD), jump height (β = 0.10 SD), and the fitness composite score (β = 0.23 SD) were positively associated with academic performance over 3 years. In addition, waist circumference partially mediated the association between physical fitness and academic performance. Conclusion: Thus, physical fitness abilities should be stimulated during childhood and early adolescence because of their positive association with academic performance.acceptedVersio