Atributos mecânicos e erosão por salpicamento em amostras de latossolo vermelho-amarelo sob efeito de vinhaça Soil mechanical attributes and splash erosion on samples of red-yellow latosol influenced by sugarcane vinasse

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, quantificar o efeito da vinhaça no comportamento compressivo e nos atributos mecânicos, como consistência, umidade ótima de compactação e densidade máxima, de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA); avaliar o efeito da vinhaça e do estado de compactação no salpicamento de partículas, da região de Lavras, MG. A vinhaça foi proveniente de um alambique de cachaça artesanal. Foram coletadas amostras deformadas e indeformadas nas profundidades de 0 a 3 cm e 60 a 63 cm. As amostras deformadas destinaram-se à caracterização do solo, determinação dos limites de consistência e realização do ensaio de Proctor Normal, após a incubação do material com vinhaça. As amostras indeformadas foram saturadas com vinhaça ou água destilada (controle), por 48 horas e destinaram-se aos ensaios de compressibilidade e resistência ao salpicamento, usando-se um minisimulador de chuvas. A vinhaça alterou os limites de consistência das camadas estudadas. Para a camada de 0-3 cm a vinhaça reduziu a faixa friável e para a camada 60-63 cm aumentou. Para ambas as camadas, a vinhaça aumentou a Dmáx e reduziu a Uótima. As camadas 0-3 cm e 60-63 cm, independentemente do tratamento com vinhaça, apresentaram a mesma capacidade suporte de carga. O estado de compactação das amostras influenciou a erosão por salpicamento. O aumento da pressão aplicada sobre as amostras resultou no aumento da quantidade de material salpicado. Na camada 60-63 cm, o tratamento com vinhaça reduziu a quantidade de material salpicado com o aumento da pressão aplicada, notadamente com as amostras na capacidade de campo.<br>The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of plonk on compressive behavior and mechanical attributes such as consistency, optimum moisture for compaction and maximum density of a Red-Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) to evaluate the effect of plonk and compaction state in splashed particles, from Lavras (MG) region. The plonk was obtained from an artisanal sugarcane brandy alembic. Undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected at 0 to 3 cm and 60 to 63 cm depths. Disturbed soil samples were used for soil characterization, determination of consistence limits and Normal Proctor essay after material incubation with plonk. Undisturbed soil samples were saturated with plonk or distilled water (control) during 48 hours for testing the compressibility and resistance to splash by using simulated rainfall. The plonk altered the consistence limits of studied layers. For the 0-3 cm layer, the plonk reduced the friable range, and for the 60-63 cm layer the effect was in the opposite direction. For both layers, the plonk increased Dmax and decreased Uoptimum. Regardless of the plonk treatment, both layers presented the same load support capacity. The compaction degree of samples influenced the splash erosion. The increase of the applied pressure over the samples resulted in increase of splash material quantity. At the 60-63 cm layer, the plonk treatment reduced the splash material quantity by increasing the applied pressure, mainly when the samples were at field capacity

Dermatophyte agents in the city of São Paulo, from 1992 to 2002

Dermatophytosis are superficial mycoses caused by fungi that can invade stratum corneum and keratinized tissues. In order to study the frequency of dermatophytes species and the clinical manifestations caused by these fungi, in São Paulo, SP, Brazil, the authors analyzed cultures isolated at the Mycology Laboratory from a selected population (15,300 out-patients of the Hospital das Clínicas, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine of University of São Paulo) from January 1992 to June 2002. The most prevalent dermatophyte was Trichophyton rubrum (48.7%), followed by Microsporum canis (20.9%), Trichophyton tonsurans (13.8%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (9.7%), Epidermophyton floccosum (4.1%), and Microsporum gypseum (2.5%). These agents determined more than one clinical manifestation, i.e., tinea corporis (31.5%), tinea capitis (27.5%), tinea unguium (14.8%), tinea cruris (13.9%), tinea pedis (9.9%), and tinea manuum (1.9%). Clinical variants of dermatophytosis and their relationship to the etiologic agents were studied and the results were compared to those obtained in previous studies in other regions of Brazil and in other countries