The citrus leprosis pathosystem O patossistema leprose dos citros

Citrus leprosis is considered the main viral disease for the Brazilian citrus production, particularly for the State of São Paulo, due to the high costs spent for the chemical control of its vector, the tenuipalpid mite Brevipalpus phoenicis. In addition, its global importance has significantly increased in the last years, with the dissemination of the virus to new countries in South and Central America. In Brazil, despite its economical importance and occurrence for more than seven decades, the most significant advances towards understanding the pathosystem interactions have been obtained only in the last ten years. This review focuses on various aspects of the disease, beginning with a historical view, its main characteristics, alternatives for its control, its increasing economical importance in Brazil and abroad, and the new data on the search for understanding the interactions amongst the mite vector, the virus, and the plant host.<br>A leprose dos citros é considerada a principal virose na citricultura brasileira, com maior destaque no Estado de São Paulo, principalmente pelos altos custos demandados para o controle químico do vetor, o ácaro Brevipalpus phoenicis. Além da relevância dessa virose para a citricultura local, sua importância mundial vem sendo ampliada consideravelmente nos últimos anos, principalmente com a disseminação do vírus em novos países da América do Sul e Central. No Brasil, apesar da sua importância econômica e ocorrência por mais de sete décadas, os mais importantes avanços no entendimento das interações do patossistema leprose têm sido obtidos apenas nos últimos dez anos. Essa revisão aborda os diferentes aspectos dessa doença, trazendo um breve histórico da doença, principais características da leprose, alternativas de controle, sua crescente importância econômica na cadeia citrícola nacional, os mais recentes relatos de sua ocorrência em outros países e os novos resultados obtidos pela pesquisa buscando um melhor entendimento das interações entre ácaro, vírus e hospedeiro vegetal

Alterações funcionais respiratórias na colecistectomia por via laparoscópica Functional respiratory changes in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Objetivo: Estudar as alterações da ventilação e volumes pulmonares e da força muscular respiratória no pós-operatório de colecistectomia por via laparoscópica. Tipo de estudo: Estudo prospectivo. Material e métodos: Foram avaliados 20 pacientes provenientes da enfermaria de gastrocirurgia da Unifesp, com média de idade 42,7 anos, sendo 7 (35%) homens e 13 (65%) mulheres. No período pré-operatório todos foram submetidos a um questionário clínico, exame físico, radiografia de tórax, espirometria. No pré e no pós-operatório foram obtidas as medidas da força muscular respiratória (pressões inspiratória e expiratória máximas), da ventilação pulmonar (volume corrente e volume minuto), da capacidade vital, a oximetria de pulso e o índice diafragmático (ID). Este índice é capaz de refletir o movimento toracoabdominal, determinado pelas mudanças nas dimensões ântero-posteriores da caixa torácica (CT) e do abdome (AB) e foi calculado utilizando-se a seguinte fórmula: ID = D AB/D AB + D CT. Resultados: Observou-se que os pacientes evoluíram no primeiro dia de pós-operatório com diminuição média significante de 26% do volume corrente, de 645ml ± 220ml para 475ml ± 135ml; 20% do volume minuto, de 15,0L ± 4,5L para 11,9L ± 3,6L; 36% da capacidade vital, de 2,7L ± 0,6L para 1,74L ± 0,7L; 47% da pressão inspiratória máxima, de -75 ± -22cm/H2O para -40 ± 17cm/H2O; 39% da pressão expiratória máxima, de +90 ± 28cm/H2O para +55 ± 28cm/H2O e 36% do índice diafragmático, de 0,60 ± 0,10 para 0,39 ± 0,14 (p < 0,05). O volume corrente, o volume minuto e a pressão expiratória máxima retornaram aos seus valores basais no 3º dia de pós-operatório; a capacidade vital, pressão inspiratória máxima e o índice diafragmático retornaram aos seus valores basais entre o 4º e o 6º dia de pós-operatório. Dos vinte pacientes, somente um apresentou atelectasia como complicação pulmonar, tendo evoluído bem com as medidas habituais de fisioterapia respiratória. Conclusão: Concluímos que os pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia por via laparoscópica apresentam no 1º dia de pós-operatório diminuição significante dos volumes pulmonares e da força muscular respiratória. Porém, quando comparados com dados de literatura, o retorno aos valores pré-operatórios é mais rápido na cirurgia por via laparoscópica (3º e 4º dias de pós-operatório) do que na cirurgia abdominal convencional.<br>Objective: The aim of this study was to measure the changes in lung volume, pulmonary ventilation, maximum respiratory muscle strength, and the incidence of pulmonary complications in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Type of study: Prospective study. Material and methods: Twenty patients (7 men and 13 women) with mean age of 42.7 years with normal respiratory function were studied. All patients in the preoperative period answered a long questionnaire, had a physical examination done, and had their lung volumes, respiratory muscle strength, diaphragmatic index and pulse oximetry determined. All measurements were repeated on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 6th postoperative days. Results: Patients showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) on the first postoperative day: 26% ± 13% in tidal volume; 20% ± 14% in minute volume; 36% ± 17% in vital capacity; 47% ± 17% in maximum inspiratory pressure, 39% ± 27% in the maximum expiratory pressure and 36% ± 25% in diaphragmatic index. Tidal volume, minute volume and maximum expiratory pressure returned to their basal values on the third postoperative day; vital capacity, maximum inspiratory pressure and diaphragmatic index returned to their basal values between the 4th and 6th postoperative days. Among the 20 patients pulmonary complication was observed in just one patient (lobar atelectasis); there was a full recovery by the third postoperative day with the use of chest physical therapy techniques. Conclusion: The authors conclude that patients undergoing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy show a significant decrease in lung volume and in respiratory muscle strength on the first postoperative day. But, when these measurements are compared to the literature, return to their basal values is faster (between the 4th and 6th postoperative days) than with conventional surgery

Virus-vector relationship in the Citrus leprosis pathosystem

Citrus leprosis has been one of the most destructive diseases of citrus in the Americas. In the last decade important progress has been achieved such as the complete genome sequencing of its main causal agent, Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C), belonging to a new genus Cilevirus. It is transmitted by Brevipalpus yothersi Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), and is characterized by the localized symptoms it induces on the leaves, fruits and stems. It occurs in the American continents from Mexico to Argentina. The virus was until recently considered restricted to Citrus spp. However, it was found naturally infecting other plants species as Swinglea glutinosa Merrill and Commelina benghalensis L., and has been experimentally transmitted by B. yothersi to a large number of plant species. Despite these advances little is known about the virus-vector relationship that is a key to understanding the epidemiology of the disease. Some components of the CiLV-C/B. yothersi relationship were determined using the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. ‘IAC Una’) as a test plant. They included: (a) the virus acquisition access period was 4 h; (b) the virus inoculation access period was 2 h; (c) the latent period between acquisition and inoculation was 7 h; (d) the period of retention of the virus by a single viruliferous mite was at least 12 days; (d) the percentage of viruliferous individuals from mite colonies on infected tissues ranged from 25 to 60%. The experiments confirmed previous data that all developmental stages of B. yothersi (larva, protonymph and deutonymph, adult female and male) were able to transmit CiLV-C and that transovarial transmission of the virus did not occur. CiLV-C can be acquired from lesions on leaves, fruits and stems by B. yothersi. Based on the distribution of lesions produced by single viruliferous B. yothersi on bean leaves, it is concluded that they tend to feed in restricted areas, usually near the veins. The short latent and transmission periods during the larval stage suggest that the CiLV-C/B. yothersi relationship is of the persistent circulative type.Fundación de apoyo a la investigación estatal/[2014/08458-9]/Fapesp/BrasilConsejo Nacional de desarrollo científico y tecnológico/[47.2425/2013-7]/CNPq/BrasilFundación de apoyo a la investigación estatal/[2008/57477-5]/Fapesp/BrasilFundación de apoyo a la investigación estatal/[2013/25713-0]/Fapesp/BrasilUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM