Lightning discharge identification system

A system for differentiating between cloud to cloud and cloud to ground lightning discharges is described which includes an electric field antenna that senses the rate of charge of an electric field produced by a lightning discharge. When the signal produced by the electric field exceeds a predetermined threshold, it is fed to a coincidence detector. A VHF antenna is also provided and generates a video signal responsive to a cloud to cloud lightning discharge, and this signal is fed through a level sensor, an inverter, to the coincidence detector simultaneously with the signal from the field detector. When signals from the electric field antenna and the VHF antenna appear at the coincidence detector simultaneously, such indicates that there is a cloud to cloud lightning discharge; whereas, when there is not a signal produced on the VHF antenna simultaneously with a signal produced by the field sensor, then a strike indicator connected to the coincidence detector indicates a cloud to ground lightning discharge

Time-of-arrival lightning activity location system

System fixes location of charge buildup in clouds. It provides range, azimuth, and elevation in real-time so that warning of charge buildup can be implemented

Lightning mapping system

A Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR) System is being implemented at KSC in Florida. The first operational use is expected in the late summer of 1991. The system is designed to map the location of in-cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning based on the time of arrival (TOA) of electromagnetic radiation. The system detects very high frequency (VHF) radiation and designed to map the volumetric extent of lightning. The system implements two independent antenna arrays to provide a fast data quality check, as necessary for a real-time warning system. The system performance goals and a comparison with a similar system implemented in the mid-1970's is made

Remote lightning monitor system

An apparatus for monitoring, analyzing and accurately determining the value of peak current, the peak rate of change in current with respect to time and the rise time of the electrical currents generated in an electrical conductive mast that is located in the vicinity where lightning is to be monitored is described. The apparatus includes an electrical coil for sensing the change in current flowing through the mast and generating a voltage responsive. An on-site recorder and a recorder control system records the voltages produced responsive to lightning strikes and converts the voltage to digital signals for being transmitted back to the remote command station responsive to command signals. The recorder and the recorder control system are carried within an RFI proof environmental housing into which the command signals are fed by means of a fiber optic cable so as to minimize electrical interference

Lightning Detection and Ranging system LDAR system description and performance objectives

The instruments used at the six remote stations to measure both the time-of-arrival of the envelope of the pulsed 60 MHz to 80 MHz portion of the RF signal emitted by lightning, and the electric field waveforms are described as well as the two methods of transmitting the signal to the central station. Other topics discussed include data processing, recording, and reduction techniques and the software used for the 2100S, 2114, and 2116 computers

A Debriefing of a Student Created Malaria Board Game

Purpose- This article examined the post-game debriefing of a student-created board game on the topic of malaria, taken from UNICEF and other international agencies’ Facts for Life. Design/Methodology/Approach- A group of university health students participated in the play of the game and the debriefing. Initial debriefing of seven steps(key themes) occurred through written format, followed by an oral debriefing. Findings – Major categories from the written debriefing by steps, key category response, and number of categories were as follows: For experience recall – how to prevent malaria, nine response categories; for feelings – felt informed, felt happy, nine response categories; for enjoyment – learned new information, game was fun, 11 response categories; for importance – malaria prevention, 12 response categories; for new information learned – malaria affects pregnancy, 10 response categories; for new information to learn – multiple topics such as strategies to prevent malaria, 13 response categories; for improvements as suggestions – add more questions, nine response categories. Follow up oral debriefing supported the written debriefing categories, as well as yielding some additional categories. The students suggested at least 70 response categories after the play of the game. Conclusion- This study demonstrates the applicability of a student created and played board game based on the Facts for Life topic of malaria, as a vehicle for health topic discussion. A combined written and oral debriefing approach complimented each other in an educational gaming strategy. Recommendations – Game debriefing is a valuable and essential tool to be included in a health educational gaming strategy. The use of this malaria game should be extended for play in other non-formal settings. Key words: Malaria, board-game, written debriefing, oral debriefing, student created games, public health education, health educatio