Bibliographie sélective annotée des publications en langue anglaise sur la rhétorique, la critique rhétorique et l’argumentation

I. Textes de base 1. Ouvrages de référence Enos, Thersea (ed.). 1996. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication for the Information Age (Encyclopédie de rhétorique et de composition: la communication à l’âge de l’information) (London: Taylor & Francis)Ecrit en majeure partie par et pour des rhétoriciens travaillant sur la composition. Jasinski, James. 2001. Sourcebook on Rhetoric : Key Concepts in Contemporary Rhetorical Studies (Guide de rhétorique : concepts-clés pour les é..

Biomarkers of stroke recovery: consensus-based core recommendations from the Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable

The most difficult clinical questions in stroke rehabilitation are ‘‘What is this patient’s potential for recovery?’’ and ‘‘What is the best rehabilitation strategy for this person, given her/his clinical profile?’’ Without answers to these questions, clinicians struggle to make decisions regarding the content and focus of therapy, and researchers design studies that inadvertently mix participants who have a high likelihood of responding with those who do not. Developing and implementing biomarkers that distinguish patient subgroups will help address these issues and unravel the factors important to the recovery process. The goal of the present paper is to provide a consensus statement regarding the current state of the evidence for stroke recovery biomarkers. Biomarkers of motor, somatosensory, cognitive and language domains across the recovery timeline post-stroke are considered; with focus on brain structure and function, and exclusion of blood markers and genetics. We provide evidence for biomarkers that are considered ready to be included in clinical trials, as well as others that are promising but not ready and so represent a developmental priority. We conclude with an example that illustrates the utility of biomarkers in recovery and rehabilitation research, demonstrating how the inclusion of a biomarker may enhance future clinical trials. In this way, we propose a way forward for when and where we can include biomarkers to advance the efficacy of the practice of, and research into, rehabilitation and recovery after stroke

Progress in gene therapy for neurological disorders

Diseases of the nervous system have devastating effects and are widely distributed among the population, being especially prevalent in the elderly. These diseases are often caused by inherited genetic mutations that result in abnormal nervous system development, neurodegeneration, or impaired neuronal function. Other causes of neurological diseases include genetic and epigenetic changes induced by environmental insults, injury, disease-related events or inflammatory processes. Standard medical and surgical practice has not proved effective in curing or treating these diseases, and appropriate pharmaceuticals do not exist or are insufficient to slow disease progression. Gene therapy is emerging as a powerful approach with potential to treat and even cure some of the most common diseases of the nervous system. Gene therapy for neurological diseases has been made possible through progress in understanding the underlying disease mechanisms, particularly those involving sensory neurons, and also by improvement of gene vector design, therapeutic gene selection, and methods of delivery. Progress in the field has renewed our optimism for gene therapy as a treatment modality that can be used by neurologists, ophthalmologists and neurosurgeons. In this Review, we describe the promising gene therapy strategies that have the potential to treat patients with neurological diseases and discuss prospects for future development of gene therapy

Bibliographie sélective annotée des publications en langue anglaise sur la rhétorique, la critique rhétorique et l’argumentation

I. Textes de base 1. Ouvrages de référence Enos, Thersea (ed.). 1996. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication for the Information Age (Encyclopédie de rhétorique et de composition: la communication à l’âge de l’information) (London: Taylor & Francis)Ecrit en majeure partie par et pour des rhétoriciens travaillant sur la composition. Jasinski, James. 2001. Sourcebook on Rhetoric : Key Concepts in Contemporary Rhetorical Studies (Guide de rhétorique : concepts-clés pour les étud..

Where and why do particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) differ among diverse soils?

Soil organic matter (SOM) has often been separated into operational physical fractions, such as particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM), to improve our understanding of SOM persistence. While it is generally assumed that POM and MAOM have distinct biogeochemical characteristics, it remains unresolved where and why POM and MAOM differ in their composition and relationships to total SOM decomposition among heterogenous soils. We analyzed elemental, isotopic, and chemical composition, including diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectra, of POM and MAOM in 156 soil samples collected from 20 National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) sites spanning diverse ecosystems (tundra to tropics) across North America. We used a classic size separation method for POM (53–2000 μm) and MAOM ( 1200 mm annual precipitation (with MAOM C/N > 15). Multiple statistical analyses showed that C quantity and chemical composition of MAOM could as effectively predict soil C decomposition during an 18-month incubation as measures of POM. Thus, POM and MAOM both likely contributed significantly to decomposition over timescales of months, possibly because characteristics of POM and MAOM were often related and/or a large pool size of MAOM could compensate for its lower decomposition rate relative to POM. Further, we found that soil geochemical composition (such as silt and clay, calcium, oxalate-extractable iron and aluminum), along with climate and ecosystem type, could partly predict differences in quantity and composition between POM and MAOM. Overall, relative coupling vs. decoupling between POM and MAOM among soils was predictable based on geochemistry, and these similarities/differences provide insight into variation in the plant-derived sources of MAOM across diverse ecosystems. The importance of MAOM to short-term soil C decomposition has probably been underappreciated.This is a manuscript of an article published as Yu, Wenjuan, Wenjuan Huang, Samantha R. Weintraub-Leff, and Steven J. Hall. "Where and why do particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) differ among diverse soils?." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 172 (2022): 108756. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108756. Posted with permisssion. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License

Standardized Data to Improve Understanding and Modeling of Soil Nitrogen at Continental Scale

Nitrogen (N) is a key limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems, but there remain critical gaps in our ability to predict and model controls on soil N cycling. This may be in part due to lack of standardized sampling across broad spatial–temporal scales. Here, we introduce a continentally distributed, publicly available data set collected by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) that can help fill these gaps. First, we detail the sampling design and methods used to collect and analyze soil inorganic N pool and net flux rate data from 47 terrestrial sites. We address methodological challenges in generating a standardized data set, even for a network using uniform protocols. Then, we evaluate sources of variation within the sampling design and compare measured net N mineralization to simulated fluxes from the Community Earth System Model 2 (CESM2). We observed wide spatiotemporal variation in inorganic N pool sizes and net transformation rates. Site explained the most variation in NEON’s stratified sampling design, followed by plots within sites. Organic horizons had larger pools and net N transformation rates than mineral horizons on a sample weight basis. The majority of sites showed some degree of seasonality in N dynamics, but overall these temporal patterns were not matched by CESM2, leading to poor correspondence between observed and modeled data. Looking forward, these data can reveal new insights into controls on soil N cycling, especially in the context of other environmental data sets provided by NEON, and should be leveraged to improve predictive modeling of the soil N cycle.This article is published as Weintraub-Leff, S. R., Hall, S. J., Craig, M. E., Sihi, D., Wang, Z., & Hart, S. C. (2023). Standardized data to improve understanding and modeling of soil nitrogen at continental scale. Earth's Future, 11, e2022EF003224. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF003224. Posted with permission.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

Resolving the influence of lignin on soil organic matter decomposition with mechanistic models and continental-scale data

Confidence in model estimates of soil CO2 flux depends on assumptions regarding fundamental mechanisms that control the decomposition of litter and soil organic carbon (SOC). Multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain the role of lignin, an abundant and complex biopolymer that may limit decomposition. We tested competing mechanisms using data-model fusion with modified versions of the CN-SIM model and a 571-day laboratory incubation dataset where decomposition of litter, lignin, and SOC was measured across 80 soil samples from the National Ecological Observatory Network. We found that lignin decomposition consistently decreased over time in 65 samples, whereas in the other 15 samples, lignin decomposition subsequently increased. These “lagged-peak” samples can be predicted by low soil pH, high extractable Mn, and fungal community composition as measured by ITS PC2 (the second principal component of an ordination of fungal ITS amplicon sequences). The highest-performing model incorporated soil biogeochemical factors and daily dynamics of substrate availability (labile bulk litter:lignin) that jointly represented two hypotheses (C substrate limitation and co-metabolism) previously thought to influence lignin decomposition. In contrast, models representing either hypothesis alone were biased and underestimated cumulative decomposition. Our findings reconcile competing hypotheses of lignin decomposition and suggest the need to precisely represent the role of lignin and consider soil metal and fungal characteristics to accurately estimate decomposition in Earth-system models.This article is published as Yi, B., Lu, C., Huang, W., Yu, W., Yang, J., Howe, A., Weintraub-Leff, S. R., & Hall, S. J. (2023). Resolving the influence of lignin on soil organic matter decomposition with mechanistic models and continental-scale data. Global Change Biology, 00, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16875. Posted with permission.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made

Secretory group V phospholipase A2 regulates acute lung injury and neutrophilic inflammation caused by LPS in mice

We investigated the regulatory role of 14-kDa secretory group V phospholipase A2 (gVPLA2) in the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and neutrophilic inflammation (NI) caused by intratracheal administration of LPS. Experiments were conducted in gVPLA2 knockout (pla2g5−/−) mice, which lack the gene, and gVPLA2 wild-type littermate control (pla2g5+/+) mice. Indices of pulmonary injury were evaluated 24 h after intratracheal administration of LPS. Expression of gVPLA2 in microsections of airways and mRNA content in lung homogenates were increased substantially in pla2g5+/+ mice after LPS-administered compared with saline-treated pla2g5+/+ mice. By contrast, expression of gVPLA2 was neither localized in LPS- nor saline-treated pla2g5−/− mice. LPS also caused 1) reduced transthoracic static compliance, 2) lung edema, 3) neutrophilic infiltration, and 4) increased neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity in pla2g5+/+ mice. These events were attenuated in pla2g5−/− mice exposed to LPS or in pla2g5+/+ mice receiving MCL-3G1, a neutralizing MAb directed against gVPLA2, before LPS administration. Our data demonstrate that gVPLA2 is an inducible protein in pla2g5+/+ mice but not in pla2g5−/− mice within 24 h after LPS treatment. Specific inhibition of gVPLA2 with MCL-3G1 or gene-targeted mice lacking gVPLA2 blocks ALI and attenuates NI caused by LPS