ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Desempenho e composição corporal de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes níveis de proteína e de aminoácidos ou com livre escolha das dietas Performance and body composition of broilers fed different protein and amino acid levels or free-choice diets

Foi realizado um experimento com 600 frangos de corte (300 machos e 300 fêmeas) de 1 a 49 dias de idade. Foram usadas três dietas (D) experimentais, isoenergéticas (3.000 e 3.150 kcal EM/kg nas fases inicial e de crescimento, respectivamente), porém com diferentes níveis de proteína bruta (PB) e um dos quatro primeiros aminoácidos (AA) essenciais (Lis, Met+Cis, Tre e Trip): D1, (controle): 22%PB; D2, 24% de PB com AA 20% a mais que D1 (altaPB+20%AA) e D3: 20% PB e AA 12% a menos que D1 (baixaPB-12%AA). Na fase de crescimento, as PB foram de 20, 22 e 18% para D1, D2 e D3, respectivamente, mantidas as mesmas proporções em AA. Uma quarta dieta foi definida pelas aves por livre escolha entre as dietas extremas (D2 e D3). O delineamento adotado foi completamente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x4 (sexo x dietas), e cinco repetições de 15 aves por tratamento. A técnica do abate comparativo foi usada para ganho de gordura e proteína. Verificou-se que as aves alimentadas com dietas baixaPB-12%AA apresentaram pior CA, menor GP e menor ganho de proteína corporal. No entanto, houve melhor relação da proteína consumida com ganho de peso. Frangos recebendo dietas altaPB+20%AA tiveram pior aproveitamento da proteína consumida, não mostrando superioridade em GP, peso de partes e de carcaça às aves do grupo controle ou livre escolha. Ganho em gordura e proteína também foram semelhantes entre esses três tratamentos. As aves com livre escolha mostraram-se aptas em selecionar sua própria dieta, apresentando desempenho e composição corporal semelhantes às aves do grupo controle. O pior desempenho da dieta com baixa proteína foi mais evidente na fase inicial que na fase de crescimento. Machos foram mais eficientes que as fêmeas em utilizar os nutrientes consumidos sobretudo na fase de crescimento.<br>An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of diets with different protein levels and energy:protein ratio and amino acids on the performance and body composition of broilers (300 males and 300 females from 1 to 49 days of age), as well as the effect of these factors on the nutrients utilization efficiency. Three isoenergy experimental diets (D) were used (3000 and 3150kcal ME/kg for starter and growing phase, respectively) varying the levels of crude protein (CP) and the first 4 essential amino acids (AA) (lysine, methionine+cysteine, threonine and tryptophan): D1, control, with 22%CP; D2: 24%CP and 20% more AA than D1 (HighCP+20%AA) and D3, 20% CP and 12% less AA than D1 (LowCP-12%AA). On the growing phase the CP were 20, 22 and 18% for D1, D2 and D3, respectively, keeping the same AA proportion. A fourth diet was defined by free-choice between diets D2 and D3. Birds were alloted in a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 4 factorial (sex x diets) scheme and 5 replications of 15 birds each per treatment. Comparative slaughter technique was used for body fat and protein gain. Birds fed LowCP-12%AA diets showed reduced feed conversion, gain and body protein gain, but better protein intake-to-gain ratio. Broilers fed HighCP+20%AA diets had worse protein intake-to-gain ratio, but similar weight gain, cuts or carcass weight to control or free-choice birds. Fat and protein gain were similar among those 3 treatments. Free-choice birds showed the same performance and body composition of the control broilers. LowCP-12%AA diet was worse for broilers in starter phase than in growing phase. Male broilers were more efficient than females using nutrients, specially in the growing phase

Hepatitis B prevalence among men who have sex with men in Brazil

The Brazilian Ministry of Health, through the Secretariat for Health Surveillance and the Department of Prevention, Surveillance and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV/AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (Project # 914BRZ1138, BRAZIL, AIDS-SUS).Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição. Campo Grande, MS, Brazil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz—Mato Grosso do Sul. Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Medicina. Saúde Comunitária. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Medicina. Saúde Comunitária. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil / Tulane University. Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences. New Orleans, LA, USA.Universidade Federal do Ceará. Departamento de Estatística e Matemática Aplicada. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Medicina Preventiva e Social. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Departamento de Sociologia. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.Universidade de Brasília. Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Saúde Coletiva. Brasília, DF, Brazil.Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, Brazil.Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Recife, PE, Brazil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Recife, PE, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Psicologia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Medicina. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Departamento de Medicina Social. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Ceará. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.Universidade de Brasília. Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Brasília, DF, Brazil.Centro Universitário Autônomo do Brasil. Escola de Saúde. Curitiba, PR, Brazil.Universidade do Estado da Bahia. Departamento de Ciências da Vida. Salvador, BA, Brazil.Fundação Alfredo da Mata. Centro de Aconselhamento. Manaus, AM, Brazil.Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Centro de Virologia. Laboratório de Hepatites. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Centro de Virologia. Laboratório de Hepatites. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Centro de Virologia. Laboratório de Hepatites. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Centro de Virologia. Laboratório de Hepatites. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global public health problem and requires specific prevention actions, particularly focusing on the key populations, such as men who have sex with men (MSM). We aimed at assessing the prevalence of HBV infection, among MSM, in a multicity study in Brazil. In 2016, we conducted a survey using a respondent-driven sampling methodology in 12 Brazilian cities. Rapid tests (RT) were performed on 3178 samples from those MSM. Positive results were tested for HBV DNA and sequenced. If negative for HBV DNA, samples were tested for serological markers. The prevalence rate of HBV exposure and clearance was 10.1% (95% CI: 8.1–12.6), and 1.1% (95%; CI: 0.6–2.1) were confirmed to be HBsAg-positive. Of those samples tested for anti-HBs (n = 1033), only 74.4% presented a serological profile analogous to that elicited by hepatitis B vaccination. Among HBsAg-positive samples (n = 29), 72.4% were HBV DNA-positive, and from these, 18 were sequenced. HBV genotypes A, F, and G were found in 55.5%, 38.9%, and 5.6%, respectively. This study indicates high prevalence rates of MSM HBV exposure and a low positivity index for the serological marker of HBV vaccine immunity. These findings may contribute to the discussion of strategies to prevent hepatitis B and reinforce the importance of promoting HBV vaccination in this key population

Aspectos sanitários do cultivo da alface americana, irrigada com águas recptoras de efluentes urbanos Sanitary aspects of lectucce (Lactuca sativa L.) culture irrigated with receiving waters of urban effluent

Avaliou-se a influência da disposição de mangueiras gotejadoras nos canteiros e a injeção ou não de cloro na água de irrigação, nas condições sanitárias do solo e da alface americana irrigada (Lactuca sativa L.) com águas receptoras de efluentes urbanos. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas de amostras de água do solo e da alface, no decorrer de todo o ciclo de cultivo. Objetivou-se determinar a possível existência de Salmonella spp. e de formas evolutivas de parasitos humanos e a quantidade de coliformes fecais, em pontos e épocas diferentes do experimento, impedindo assim o consumo da alface. Os resultados não indicaram a presença dos dois primeiros em nenhuma das amostras, mas sim de parasitos não humanos (nematóides) de vida livre no solo. Em relação à quantidade de coliformes fecais (NMP ml-1), o valor encontrado na cultura atende às exigências da Secretaria de Vigilância Sanitária do Ministério da Saúde brasileiro, porém a presença dos nematóides em quantidades superiores ao permitido pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) inviabiliza o seu consumo.<br>One evaluated the influence of drip tape arrangement and the use of chloride in the irrigation water, on soil sanitary conditions and growing lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), irrigated with receiving urban waters. Water, soil and lettuce microbiological analyses were performed during crop cycle. The objective was to determine the presence of Salmonella spp., evolutive forms of human parasites and the amount of fecal coliforms in different locations and time, avoiding the lettuce consumption. Although results did not indicate the presence of Salmonella spp. and evolutive forms of human parasites in none of the samples but non human parasites (nematodes) of free life in soil. Total fecal coliforms count (NMP ml-1) met is according to the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Secretary of Health Surveillance requirements. Yet, the lettuce was not good for human consumption as the nematode presence was above the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines