Distribuição e conservação de aves limícolas migratórias no Pantanal.

A planície pantaneira é uma importante região de parada e sítio de alimentação para aves limícolas migratórias que utilizam a Rota Amazônia Central/Pantanal. Nesse estudo apresentamos dados bibliográficos e de campo sobre composição, abundância relativa, habitat e status de conservação das espécies de aves aquáticas da ordem Charadriformes ocorrentes no Pantanal. Há grandes lacunas de conhecimento sobre as espécies neárticas que utilizam o Pantanal durante seus deslocamentos pela América do Sul. Registramos a ocorrência de quinze espécies no Pantanal, sendo Pluvialis dominica, Tringa flavipes, Bartramia longicauda e Calidris melanotos as mais abundantes. Algumas espécies se encontram presentes em listas globais de espécies ameaçadas, como o Tryngites subruficollis que é considerada quase ameaçada de extinção e Calidris canutus, que apresenta acentuado declínio populacional na América do Norte. A conservação de habitats como salinas e campos nativos no Pantanal é de extrema importância para que as estratégias de conservação das espécies limícolas migratórias no Hemisfério Ocidental sejam efetivas

Sustainability Agenda for the Pantanal Wetland: Perspectives on a Collaborative Interface for Science, Policy, and Decision-Making.

Building bridges between environmental and political agendas is essential nowadays in face of the increasing human pressure on natural environments, including wetlands. Wetlands provide critical ecosystem services for humanity and can generate a considerable direct or indirect income to the local communities. To meet many of the sustainable development goals, we need to move our trajectory from the current environmental destructive development to a wiser wetland use. The current article contain a proposed agenda for the Pantanal aiming the improvement of public policy for conservation in the Pantanal, one of the largest, most diverse, and continuous inland wetland in the world. We suggest and discuss a list of 11 essential interfaces between science, policy, and development in region linked to the proposed agenda. We believe that a functional science network can booster the collaborative capability to generate creative ideas and solutions to address the big challenges faced by the Pantanal wetland

Frugivory by toucans (Ramphastidae) at two altitudes in the Atlantic forest of Brazil

Toucans are prominent components of the tropical American avifauna. Although these birds are very conspicuous, there are few ecological studies focusing on them. In this study, the diets of four sympatric toucans (Ramphastos vitellinus, R. dirolorus, Selenidera maculirostris, and Baillonius bailloni were assessed by recording feeding bouts at two altitudes in the Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil. Our results show that toucans are predominantly frugivorous birds (96.5% of the 289 feeding bouts were on fruits). In the lowlands (70 m elev.), only fruits (48 species, 27 families) were recorded, while in the highlands (700 m elev.), toucans were observed feeding on fruits (25 species, 22 families), flowers, leaves, and insects. Non-fruit items were recorded only in the highlands, most of them eaten by B. bailloni. Cecropia glaziovii and Euterpe edulis, two abundant plants in the highland and lowland sites, respectively, and Virola oleifera, a plane that produces lipid-rich arillate fruits, were eaten heavily by the toucans. The number of feeding bouts recorded for R. vitellinus in the lowlands was positively correlated with lipid content of the fruits eaten. The diameters of fruits eaten by toucans varied greatly (range = 0.4-25.0 mm). While the large Ramphastos species not only ate tiny fruits (e.g., Hyeronima alchorneoides) but also large ones (e.g., Virola gardneri), the toucanets ate piecemeal the large fruits chat exceeded their gape width, suggesting that gape size did not limit the use of any fruit by the toucans at our study sites.324BSI84285

Aves e matas são interdependentes.

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Frugivory In Cotingas Of The Atlantic Forest Of Southeast Brazil

In this paper we present a list of plant species whose fruits are eaten by eight cotinga species (Carpornis cucullatus, C. melanocephalus, Laniisoma elegans, Lipaugus lanioides, Oxyruncus cristatus, Phibalura flavirostris, Procnias nudicollis, and Pyroderus scutatus) at Parque Estadual Intervales (PEI), an Atlantic Forest reserve in southeast Brazil. Besides providing a list of fruits eaten by cotingas, our goal is to allow insights into fruit use by these birds whose ecology is poorly known. From 1990 to 2001 four sites located within PEI were regularly visited. These sites form an altitudinal gradient (70-800 m a.s.l.) and also a gradient of forest disturbance (second-growth to old-growth vegetation). Feeding records were made along several trails and dirt roads that crossed the study sites. Cotingas ate a variety of fruits (99 species in 34 families) that ranged from small (< 5 mm diameter) to large (up to 37 mm) and included some non-ornithochorous ones. With the exception of P. nudicollis, cotingas exploited not only fruits typical of the forest interior but also fruits of secondary vegetation, suggesting that concerning fruit exploitation early successional vegetation does not represent a barrier for the survival of these cotingas.102177185Aleixo, A., Galetti, M., The conservation of the avifauna in a lowland Atlantic Forest in south-east Brazil (1997) Bird Conserv. Int, 7, pp. 235-261Almeida-Scabbia, R.J., (1996) Fitossociologia de um trecho de Mata Atlântica no sudeste do Brasil, , MSc Thesis. Rio Claro: Universidade Estadual Paulista(2000) Threatened birds of the world, , BirdLife International , Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife InternationalClark, D.B., Abolishing virginity (1996) J. Trop. Ecol, 12, pp. 735-739Collar, N.J., Gonzaga, L.P., Krabbe, N., Madroño-Nieto, A., Naranjo, L.G., Parker III, T.A., Wege, D.C., (1992) Threatened birds of the Americas. The ICBP/UCN Red Data Book, , 3rd ed. Cambridge: International Council for Bird PreservationFoster, M.S., Ecological and nutritional effects of food scarcity on a tropical frugivorous bird and its fruit source (1977) Ecology, 58, pp. 73-85Galetti, M., Aleixo, A., Effects of palm heart harvesting on frugivores in the Atlantic forest of Brazil (1998) J. Appl. Ecol, 35, pp. 286-293Galetti, M., Aleixo, A., Laps, R., Pizo, M.A., Frugivory by toucans at two altitudes in the Atlantic forest of Brazil (2000) Biotropica, 32, pp. 842-850Galetti, M., Zipparro, V.B., Morellato, P.C., Fruiting phenology and frugivory on the palm Euterpe edulis in a lowland Atlantic forest of Brazil (1999) Ecotropica, 5, pp. 115-122Hempel, A., Estudo da alimentação natural de aves silvestres do Brasil. (1949) Arq. Inst. Biol, 19, pp. 237-268Kinnaird, M.F., O'Brien, T.G., Suryardi, S., Population fluctuation in Sulawesi Red-knobbed Hornbills: Tracking figs in space and time (1996) Auk, 113, pp. 431-440Laps, R.R., (1996) Frugivoria e dispersão de sementes de palmiteiro (Euterpe edulis Martius, Arecaceae) na Mata Atlântica, sul do estado de São Paulo, , MSc Thesis, Campinas: Universidade Estadual de CampinasLeighton, M., Leighton, D., Vertebrate responses to fruiting seasonality within a Bornean rain forest (1983) Tropical rain forest: Ecology and management, pp. 197-209. , S. L. Sutton, T. C. Whitmore and A. C. Chadwick eds, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific PublicationsLoiselle, B.A., Blake, J.G., Temporal variation in birds and fruits along an elevational gradient in Costa Rica (1991) Ecology, 72, pp. 180-193Nascimento, F.H.F., (1994) A sucessão secundária inicial na Mata Atlântica, sobre a Serra de Paranapiacaba, Ribeirão Grande, SP, , MSc Thesis. São Paulo: Universidade de São PauloNewstrom, L.E., Frankie, G.W., Baker, H.G., A new classification for plant phenology based on flowering patterns in lowland tropical forest trees at La Selva, Costa Rica (1994) Biotropica, 26, pp. 141-159Oliveira-Filho, A.T., Fontes, M.A., Patterns of floristic differentiation among Atlantic Forests in southeastern Brazil and the influence of climate (2000) Biotropica, 32, pp. 793-810Pizo, M.A., (1994) Estudo comparado da dispersão e predação de sementes de Cabralea canjerana (Meliaceae) em duas áreas de mata do Estado de São Paulo, , MSc Thesis. Campinas: Universidade Estadal de CampinasRestrepo, C., Sargent, S., Levey, D.J., Watson, D.M., The role of birds in the diversification of New World mistletoes (2002) Seed dispersal and frugivory: Ecology, evolution and conservation, pp. 83-98. , D. J. Levey, W. R. Silva and M. Galetti eds, Wallingford: CAB International(2001) Intervales, , SMA , São Paulo: Secretaria de Estado do Meio AmbienteSchubart, O., Aguirre, A.C., Sick, H., Contribuição ao conhecimento da alimentação das aves brasileiras. (1965) Arq. Zool, 12, pp. 95-249. , São PauloSick, H., (1997) Ornitologia brasileira, , Rio de Janeiro: Editora Nova FronteiraSiqueira, M.F., (1994) Análise florística e ordenação de espécies arbóreas da Mata Atlântica através de dados binários, , MSc Thesis, Campinas: Universidade Estadual de CampinasSilva, W.R., de Marco, P., Hasui, E., Gomes, V.S.M., Patterns of fruit-frugivore interactions in two Atlantic Forest bird communities of South-eastern Brazil: Implications for conservation (2002) Seed dispersal and frugivory: Ecology, evolution and conservation, pp. 423-435. , D. J. Levey, W. R. Silva and M. Galetti eds, Wallingford: CAB InternationalSnow, D.W., A field study of the Bearded Bellbird in Trinidad (1970) Ibis, 112, pp. 299-329Snow, D.W., Distribution, ecology and evolution of the bellbirds (Procnias, Cottingidae) (1973) Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.), 25, pp. 367-391Snow, D.W., (1982) The cotingas, , Ithaca: Cornell University Pressvan der Pijl, L., (1982) Principles of seed dispersal in higher plants, , Berlin: Springer-VelagVielliard, J. E. M. and W. R. Silva (2001). Avifauna, p. 125-139. In: SMA. Intervales. São Paulo: Secretaria de Estado do Meio AmbienteWenny, D.G., Levey, D.J., Directed seed dispersal by bellbirds in a tropical cloud forest (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, pp. 6204-6207Wheelwright, N.T., Fruits and the ecology of resplendent quetzals (1983) Auk, 100, pp. 286-301Wheelwright, N.T., Fruit size, gape width, and diets of fruit-eating birds (1985) Ecology, 66, pp. 808-818Whittaker, A., Notes on feeding behaviour, diet and anting of some cotingas (1995) Bull. B. O. C, 116, pp. 58-6

Aracuãs, jacutingas e mutuns: os grandes semeadores do Pantanal.

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Frugivory in cotingas of the Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil

In this paper we present a list of plant species whose fruits are eaten by eight cotinga species (Carpornis cucullatus, C. melanocephalus, Laniisoma elegans, Lipaugus lanioides, Oxyruncus cristatus, Phibalura flavirostris, Procnias nudicollis, and Pyroderus scutatus) at Parque Estadual Intervales (PEI), an Atlantic Forest reserve in southeast Brazil. Besides providing a list of fruits eaten by cotingas, our goal is to allow insights into fruit use by these birds whose ecology is poorly known. From 1990 to 2001 four sites located within PEI were regularly visited. These sites form an altitudinal gradient (70-800 m a.s.l.) and also a gradient of forest disturbance (second-growth to old-growth vegetation). Feeding records were made along several trails and dirt roads that crossed the study sites. Cotingas ate a variety of fruits (99 species in 34 families) that ranged from small (< 5 mm diameter) to large (up to 37 mm) and included some non-ornithochorous ones. With the exception of P. nudicollis, cotingas exploited not only fruits typical of the forest interior but also fruits of secondary vegetation, suggesting that concerning fruit exploitation early successional vegetation does not represent a barrier for the survival of these cotingas

Altered gastrocnemius contractile behavior in former Achilles tendon rupture patients during walking

Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) remains associated with functional limitations years after injury. Architectural remodeling of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle is typically observed in the affected leg and may compensate force deficits caused by a longer tendon. Yet patients seem to retain functional limitations during—low-force—walking gait. To explore the potential limits imposed by the remodeled GM muscle-tendon unit (MTU) on walking gait, we examined the contractile behavior of muscle fascicles during the stance phase. In a cross-sectional design, we studied nine former patients (males; age: 45 ± 9 years; height: 180 ± 7 cm; weight: 83 ± 6 kg) with a history of complete unilateral ATR, approximately 4 years post-surgery. Using ultrasonography, GM tendon morphology, muscle architecture at rest, and fascicular behavior were assessed during walking at 1.5 m⋅s–1 on a treadmill. Walking patterns were recorded with a motion capture system. The unaffected leg served as control. Lower limbs kinematics were largely similar between legs during walking. Typical features of ATR-related MTU remodeling were observed during the stance sub-phases corresponding to series elastic element (SEE) lengthening (energy storage) and SEE shortening (energy release), with shorter GM fascicles (36 and 36%, respectively) and greater pennation angles (8° and 12°, respectively). However, relative to the optimal fascicle length for force production, fascicles operated at comparable length in both legs. Similarly, when expressed relative to optimal fascicle length, fascicle contraction velocity was not different between sides, except at the time-point of peak series elastic element (SEE) length, where it was 39 ± 49% lower in the affected leg. Concomitantly, fascicles rotation during contraction was greater in the affected leg during the whole stance-phase, and architectural gear ratios (AGR) was larger during SEE lengthening. Under the present testing conditions, former ATR patients had recovered a relatively symmetrical walking gait pattern. Differences in seen AGR seem to accommodate the profound changes in MTU architecture, limiting the required fascicle shortening velocity. Overall, the contractile behavior of the GM fascicles does not restrict length- or velocity-dependent force potentials during this locomotor task