Morphophysiogenetic characterization of wild poinsettia biotypes with low resistance to glyphosate.

The objective of this work was to compare wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) biotypes as to their morphological characteristics, as well as to determine their genetic similarity in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and to confront the light compensation point of susceptible biotypes and of biotypes with low-resistance level to glyphosate. Besides the morphology analysis, the study included the genetic characterization, by AFLP, of susceptible (GR50 = 58.65 g ha-1 a.e.) biotypes and of biotypes with low resistance (GR50 = 310.36 g ha-1 a.e.) to glyphosate. The competitive ability of the biotypes was inferred according to their light compensation point. The observed morphological characteristics do not allow to differentiate biotypes as to their geographical location, or their resistance level to glyphosate. The genetic analysis identified low genetic diversity among the 15 tested biotypes, with a large amount of subgroups. The biotypes with low resistance formed an isolated group. The susceptible biotypes showed the lowest values of light compensation point and, possibly, they have a greater competitive ability under low-luminosity conditions. The evaluated characteristics do not enable to differentiate genotypes with different levels of glyphosate resistance.Título em português: Caracterização morfofisiogenética de biótipos de leiteira com baixa resistência ao glifosato

Influence of growth stage on efficacy, absorption and translocation of glyphosate in Eragrostis plana.

Resumo

Resistance characterization of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) biotypes to clethodim herbicide.

201

A Novel Single-Site Mutation in the Catalytic Domain of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase IX (PPO) Confers Resistance to PPO-Inhibiting Herbicides

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides are used to control weeds in a variety of crops. These herbicides inhibit heme and photosynthesis in plants. PPO-inhibiting herbicides are used to control Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) especially those with resistance to glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides. While investigating the basis of high fomesafen-resistance in A. palmeri, we identified a new amino acid substitution of glycine to alanine in the catalytic domain of PPO2 at position 399 (G399A) (numbered according to the protein sequence of A. palmeri). G399 is highly conserved in the PPO protein family across eukaryotic species. Through combined molecular, computational, and biochemical approaches, we established that PPO2 with G399A mutation has reduced affinity for several PPO-inhibiting herbicides, possibly due to steric hindrance induced by the mutation. This is the first report of a PPO2 amino acid substitution at G399 position in a field-selected weed population of A. palmeri. The mutant A. palmeri PPO2 showed high-level in vitro resistance to different PPO inhibitors relative to the wild type. The G399A mutation is very likely to confer resistance to other weed species under selection imposed by the extensive agricultural use of PPO-inhibiting herbicides

Museums Brand Equity and Social Media: Looking into Current Research Insights and Future Research Propositions

Abstract. Extensive research has repeatedly acknowledged the link between traditional and digital marketing communication tools and branding performance. Particularly, both within For Profit Organizations (henceforth, FPOs) and Non-Profit Organizations (henceforth NPOs), social media as the milestone of the digital era has rebutted the foundations of corporate and personal communication through the emergence of new participatory communication terms, such as ''prod-user'' and “co-creation”. Consequently, a growing research trend has emerged towards e-e marketing tools and social media impact on destination branding, as well. Simultaneously, thanks to its multidimensional benefits both at the communicational, educational, and promotional levels, social media are emerging as an essential feature in the branding of the new museum era. To date, within the NPOs sector, few studies have investigated the effect of social media on brand equity. Moreover, far too little attention has been paid to the link between social media and museums' brand equity. Based on the systematic qualitative critical review methodology, this paper attempts to identify the basic trends and research status by 2018. Drawing on a review of 78 papers that are the result of systematic desk research, this study categorizes and presents, for the first time, the effects of social media use on museums’ brand components. The study offers new and valuable insights into the multidisciplinary research interests of the research and industry community relating to communication and marketing, NPOs, tourism, and museums context. Keywords: Social Media, Museums, Brand Equity, NPOs, Cultural Tourism