Factores que ocasionan retraso para el mejoramiento de los servicios de la comisaria PNP Venenillo distrito Rupa Rupa – provincia Leoncio Prado – Huánuco, 2023

El objetivo que tuvo fue identificar la relación que existe entre los factores y el retraso en el mejoramiento de los servicios de la comisaría PNP Venenillo Distrito Rupa Rupa – Huánuco, 2023. Se empleó la metodología básica dada según el tipo de investigación, de enfoque mixto, descriptiva según el nivel, correlacional dada por el diseño de corte transversal, con una población de 50 obreros quienes están a cargo de la obra, la muestra se obtuvo de manera probabilístico por conveniencia, para la recolección de datos se empleó la observación y la encuesta como técnica y como instrumento se empleó registro el registro documentario y un cuestionario. De acuerdo a los resultados se pudo determinar los siguientes factores como el presupuesto, tiempo y calidad se relacionaron con el retraso de la obra, manifestándose con la correlación de Rho Spearman de 0.989, afirmando que los factores mencionados en líneas precedentes, sí determinan el retraso de la obra. En consecuencia, se concluye que los factores (presupuesto, tiempo y calidad) si determinan el retraso de la obra, como el movimiento de la tierra, las excavaciones de los pozos, factores del estado climático como las lluvias que impidió realizar labores continuas, y por otra parte la adquisición de los buenos materiales para la adecuada construcción de la comisaria

Anti-T-cell humoral and cellular responses in healthy BALB/c mice following immunization with ovalbumin or ovalbumin-specific T cells

It is known that T-cell vaccination (TCV) elicits cellular immune responses against the immunizing T cells in vivo. However, it is still unclear whether similar anti-T-cell responses are also induced in individuals responding to foreign antigen (Ag) challenge. This study was undertaken to characterize and compare anti-T-cell cellular and humoral responses of BALB/c mice after ovalbumin (OVA) immunization or TCV. Splenocytes from OVA-primed BALB/c mice proliferated in response to stimulation with a syngeneic OVA-specific T-cell clone, OVA-T3, and secreted interferon-γ (IFN-γ) but not interleukin-4 (IL-4). Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity against the T-cell clone was also observed. Serum samples from these animals discriminated between activated and resting murine T cells, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence staining. Vaccination of BALB/c mice with OVA-T3 cells induced similar, but stronger, cellular and humoral responses. TCV-induced antibodies were not only able to distinguish between activated and resting syngeneic T cells but also positively stained allogeneic T cells from BXSB mice. Furthermore, TCV resulted in hyporesponsiveness of BALB/c mice to subsequent Ag challenge, and antisera from the immunized animals inhibited T-cell proliferation in vitro. Our data suggest that anti-T-cell antibodies, and CD4(+) and CD8(+) regulatory T lymphocytes may form a complex and co-ordinated regulatory network that plays an important role in regulating the adaptive immune responses in vivo. Implications of this observation for our understanding of the immunoregulation and peripheral tolerance are discussed

Grapevine salt tolerance

Salinity, which is predominantly an issue for agricultural systems in arid and semi-arid regions, has the potential to impair grape production and wine quality, and its impact on the grape and wine industries is predicted to increase with climate change. Research on the physiological and molecular changes that occur in salt-affected vines has unveiled complex osmotic and ionic responses that include oxidative stress, water loss, photoinhibition, growth inhibition and necrosis. Proposed salt tolerance mechanisms include elevated antioxidant production, hydric regulation and salt exclusion from shoots and berries. These later of these mechanisms is found in certain Vitis genotypes that, when grafted as rootstocks, can protect fruit-bearing scions from accumulating significant amounts of saline ions from soils, most notably through the presence of specific transport proteins that are involved in regulating the transfer of ions from root to shoot via the xylem. Significant gaps in knowledge remain, however, regarding salt tolerance mechanisms for Vitis species, with many mechanisms inferred from other species or documented only at the level of gene expression. A better understanding of the mechanisms that confer salt tolerance in Vitis species is needed to improve the production of new germplasm that is locally adapted and better suited to the challenges of a changing climate. Hence, this review covers the current knowledge on the characteristics that are associated with salt damage and tolerance in grapevine cultivars and rootstocks and highlights possible future avenues that will enable development of new options for the industry to combat salinity.A. Zhou-Tsang, Y. Wu, S.W. Henderson, A.R. Walker, A.R. Borneman, R.R. Walker and M. Gilliha

Genetic Regulation of T Regulatory, CD4, and CD8 Cell Numbers by the Arthritis Severity Loci Cia5a, Cia5d, and the MHC/Cia1 in the Rat

T cells have a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis, and several abnormalities in T cell homeostasis have been described in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We hypothesized that T cell phenotypes, including frequencies of different subsets of T regulatory (Treg) cells and in vitro functional responses could be genetically determined. Furthermore, we considered that the genetic contribution would be accounted for by one of the arthritis regulatory quantitative trait loci (QTL), thus providing novel clues to gene mode of action. T cells were isolated from thymus, peripheral blood, and spleen from DA (arthritis-susceptible) and ACI and F344 (arthritis-resistant) strains and from F344.DA(Cia1), DA.F344(Cia5a), and DA.F344(Cia5d) rats congenic for arthritis QTL. T cell subpopulations differed significantly between DA, F344, and ACI. DA rats had an increased frequency of CD4+ cells, and a reduction in CD8+ and CD4+CD45RC|o Treg cells, compared with F344. The differences in CD4/CD8 and CD4+CD45RC|o Treg cells were accounted for by Cia5a. DA rats also had a reduced frequency of CD8+CD45RC|o CD25+ Treg cells compared with F344, and that difference was explained by Cia5d. DA rats also had a significantly lower frequency of CD4+CD25+ and CD8+CD25+ thymocytes, and of peripheral blood CD8+CD45RC|o Treg cells, compared with F344 rats, and that difference was accounted for by the MHC. This is the first identification of arthritis severity QTL regulating numbers of CD4+CD45RC|o (Cia5a) and CD8+CD45RC|o CD25+ (Cia5d) Treg cells. The MHC effect on CD8+ Treg cells and CD25+ thymocytes raises a novel potential explanation for its association with arthritis