Analysis of the characteristics of dental status and level of dental health in young adults

The article deals with topical issues of prevalence and intensity of major dental diseases, as well as the level of oral hygiene, which plays a key role in their development. The decrease in the level of dental health of young people creates a growing demand for the treatment of diseases of hard tissues of teeth, inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues and oral mucosa, the need for orthodontic treatment and prosthetics.В статье рассматриваются актуальные вопросы распространенности и интенсивности основных стоматологических заболеваний, а также уровня гигиены полости рта, которая играет ключевую роль в их развитии. Снижение показателей уровня стоматологического здоровья лиц молодого возраста формирует усиление спроса на лечение заболеваний твердых тканей зубов, воспалительных заболеваний тканей пародонта и слизистой оболочки рта, потребность в ортодонтическом лечении и протезировании

Результаты геодезических измерений баланса массы некоторых ледников Заилийского Алатау

SummaryThe current state and mass balance of some glaciers of the Trans-Ili Alatau (Zailiyskiy Alatau, Tien Shan, Kazakhstan) is estimated in the paper. The remote sensing data (images of the Pléiades satellites) and detailed field geodetic measurements (differential global positioning system with the South G6 instrument)were used for the analysis. The field works were carried out in August-September 2021on the northern slope of the Zailiyskiy Alatau ridge. A digital relief model had been built for the analysis as well. Negative trends in the area of the studied glaciers have been revealed, which generally correspond to the average rate of degradation of the glaciation of the Trans-Ili Alatau from 1955 to the present. A comparison of glaciological (contact, i.e., obtained as a result of measurements made on the glacier) and geodetic (resulted from analysis of remote sensing data) methods for estimating the annual mass balance of the Central Tuyuksu glacier for the period 2016-2021 showed that the final values calculated by these two methods are very close in values. For example, the sum of annual balances calculated by the glaciological method for this period was -2.9 m w.e., or -0.58 a-1 m w.e. per a year, while the balance calculated by the geodetic method for the same period was - 0.63 a-1 m w.e. Thus, the results of comparison of the above methods of the glacier mass-balance investigation confirm that the geodetic one based on satellite measurements and the ground surveys using the South G6 instrument is in a good agreement with results of glaciological methods of measurements and calculations.Деградация оледенения вызывает изменения в горных экосистемах, оказывая непосредственное влияние на жизнедеятельность людей, вызывает изменения в гидрологическом режиме, биогеохимии рек и гляциальных озёр, влияя на качество и доступность водных ресурсов. Рассмотрены вопросы оценки баланса массы ледников северного склона Заилийского (Иле) Алатау посредством применения данных дистанционного зондирования Земли (ДЗЗ) в сочетании с полевыми исследованиями и измерениями

137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes

Descriptive and Comparative Linguistic

The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

Analysis of 273 ancient horse genomes reveals that modern domestic horses originated in the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region.Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare(1). However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling(2-4) at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc(3). Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia(5) and Anatolia(6), have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association(7) between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc(8,9) driving the spread of Indo-European languages(10). This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture(11,12).Descriptive and Comparative Linguistic

The Origins and Spread of Domestic Horses from the Western Eurasian Steppes

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12. © 2021, The Author(s).We thank all members of the AGES group at CAGT. We are grateful for the Museum of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (UB RAS, Ekaterinburg) for providing specimens. The work by G. Boeskorov is done on state assignment of DPMGI SB RAS. This project was supported by the University Paul Sabatier IDEX Chaire d’Excellence (OURASI); Villum Funden miGENEPI research programme; the CNRS ‘Programme de Recherche Conjoint’ (PRC); the CNRS International Research Project (IRP AMADEUS); the France Génomique Appel à Grand Projet (ANR-10-INBS-09-08, BUCEPHALE project); IB10131 and IB18060, both funded by Junta de Extremadura (Spain) and European Regional Development Fund; Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO:67985912); the Zoological Institute ZIN RAS (АААА-А19-119032590102-7); and King Saud University Researchers Supporting Project (NSRSP–2020/2). The research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (19-59-15001 and 20-04-00213), the Russian Science Foundation (16-18-10265, 20-78-10151, and 21-18-00457), the Government of the Russian Federation (FENU-2020-0021), the Estonian Research Council (PRG29), the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (PRG1209), the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (Project NF 104792), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Momentum Mobility Research Project of the Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities); and the Polish National Science Centre (2013/11/B/HS3/03822). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie (grant agreement 797449). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreements 681605, 716732 and 834616)

The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture

On the nature of the second-order optical nonlinearity of nanoinhomogeneous glasses in the Li2O-Nb2O5-SiO2 system

The submicroscopic structure of lithium niobium silicate glasses of the compns. 2xLiNbO3.(1-x)(Li2O.2SiO2) (x = 0.40, 0.45, 0.50) and 30Li2O.25Nb2O5.45SiO2 in the initial state and after heat treatment for different times at temps. in the vicinity of the glass transition point Tg are investigated using X-ray powder diffraction, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and electron microscopy. A nanostructure with inhomogeneities .apprx.40 .ANG. in size is formed in glasses at the initial stages of phase sepn. at 600-670ﾰ. This structure is responsible for the appearance of the second-order optical nonlinearity. The SANS, SAXS, and electron microscopic data on the inhomogeneity size are in good agreement with each other. According to the X-ray diffraction, SANS, and SAXS data, the ordering of the glass structure and the difference between the d. of inhomogeneities and the d. of the matrix increase in the course of heat treatment. At the initial stage of amorphous phase sepn., the glass decomps. into regions enriched in SiO2 and regions with an increased content of lithium and niobium. An increase in the temp. or time of heat treatment results in the pptn. of LiNbO3 ferroelec. crystals. The results obtained allow us, for the first time, to make the inference that nanoscale changes in the glass structure lead to considerable changes (by one order of magnitude and more) in the quadratic optical nonlinearity, which can be controlled by heat treatment. The origin of the second-order optical nonlinearity is assocd. with both the nanosized modulations of the polarizability due to the inhomogeneous glass structure and the polarity of structural nanoinhomogeneities from which the LiNbO3 phase ppts. at the later stages of phase sepn

How much should we still worry about QTc prolongation in rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis? ECG findings from TB-PRACTECAL clinical trial

Regimens for the treatment of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis currently rely on the use of QT-prolonging agents. Using data from the randomized controlled trial, TB-PRACTECAL, we investigated differences in QTcF among participants in the three interventional arms: BPaL (bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid), BPaLC (BPaL with clofazimine), and BPaLM (BPaL with moxifloxacin). Additionally, we assessed whether age, body mass index, and country were causally associated with QTcF prolongation. The trial included participants from South Africa, Uzbekistan, and Belarus. A post hoc analysis of electrocardiogram data was undertaken. Random effects regression was used to model QTcF longitudinally over 24 weeks and causal frameworks guided the analysis of non-randomized independent variables. 328 participants were included in BPaL-based arms. The longitudinal analysis of investigational arms showed an initial QTcF steep increase in the first week. QTcF trajectories between weeks 2 and 24 differed slightly by regimen, with highest mean peak for BPaLC (QTcF 446.5 ms). Overall, there were 397 QTcF >450 ms (of 3,744) and only one QTcF >500 ms. The odds of QTcF >450 ms among participants in any investigational arm, was 8.33 times higher in Uzbekistan compared to Belarus (95% confidence interval: 3.25-21.33). No effect on QTcF prolongation was found for baseline age or body mass index (BMI). Clinically significant QTc prolongation was rare in this cohort of closely monitored participants. Across BPaL-based regimens, BPaLC showed a slightly longer and sustained effect on QTcF prolongation, but the differences (both in magnitude of change and trajectory over time) were clinically unimportant. The disparity in the risk of QTc prolongation across countries would be an important factor to further investigate when evaluating monitoring strategies. CLINICAL TRIALS: This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT02589782.Accepted version (6 month embargo)The article is available via Open Access (6 month embergo). Click on the 'Additional link' above to access the full-text

Interrelation of clinical microbiological and immunological aspects in early diagnosis of inflammatory periodontal diseases

The article presents the results of data obtained during a comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination of young people. The assessment of the clinical state of periodontal tissues, microbiome and local immunity of the oral cavity is given. The data of the conducted studies showed that in 7.27% of young people with KIP and 92.73% with HCG there is a violation of the natural microbiocenosis of the oral cavity with the appearance of representatives of opportunistic microflora-yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida (C. albicans). Low and moderate (2.0-3.0 CFU/ml) contamination of Candida (C. albicans), average contamination (3.0-4.0 CFU/ml) in 35.4% of cases, increased frequency of E. faecalis excretion by 1.5 times, and Neisseria spp. in 1,7 times, decrease in frequency of allocation of M. catarrhalis in 2,2 times, E. coli in 1,8 times, SIgA concentration is reduced from norm in 1,25 times. In HCG in 61.43% of cases of studies revealed medium and high (4.0-5.0 CFU/ml) contamination of Candida (C. albicans), increased frequency of anaerobic streptococci (peptostreptococci), SIgA concentration decreased 1.54 times (p0.05).В статье представлены результаты данных полученных при проведении комплексного клинико-лабораторного обследования лиц молодого возраста. дана оценка клинического состояния тканей пародонта, микробиома и местного иммунитета полости рта. данные проведенных исследований показали, что у 7,27% лиц молодого возраста с кИП и у 92,73% с ХГ наблюдается нарушение естественного микробиоценоза полости рта с появлением представителей условно-патогенной микрофлоры – дрожжеподобных грибов рода Candida (C. аlbicans). При кИП в 64,85 % случаев выявлена низкая и умеренная (2,0-3,0 кое/мл) обсемененность Candida (C. аlbicans), средняя обсемененность (3,0-4,0 кое/мл) в 35,4% случаев, повышение частоты выделения E.faecalis в 1,5 раза, а Neisseria spp. в 1,7 раза, снижение частоты выделения M. catarrhalis в 2,2 раза, E.coli в 1,8 раза, концентрация SIgA снижена от нормы в 1,25 раза. При ХГ в 61,43% случаев исследований выявлена средняя и высокая (4,0-5,0 кое/мл) обсемененность Candida (C. аlbicans), повышение частоты выделения анаэробных стрептококков (пептострептококков), концентрация SIgA снижена 1,54 раза (p0,05)