Towards Grower-friendly Apple Crop Thinning by Tree Shading

Light management with shading nets, which reduce sunlight by 74%, might be an alternative to chemicals commonly used for thinning on apple trees. To study the effect of shading on crop load and fruit quality, trials were conducted in field experiments with the cultivars Golden Delicious and Elstar in 2006. Trees were either covered 25 days after full bloom (DAFB) with a net during three days, or until the peak of fruit fall, observed after seven days shading. Ideal time length for optimal crop yield was seven days shading for Elstar and three days shading for Golden Delicious. Alternate bearing could be decreased as flower initiation counts the following year showed. In both experiments, inner quality of fruit such as sugar and firmness showed good values at optimal shading duration compared with chemical + hand thinning. In 2007, a second field trial was conducted with cultivars Golden Delicious and Topaz to study the time period for shading in further detail. Shading was done for three days at 19, 26 and 33 DAFB using two net types (three- and two-meter-net width, covering the trees entirely or only down to 50 cm above ground). For Golden Delicious, shading after 19 and 26 days reduced fruits per 100 flower cluster to the same extent as with chemical + hand thinning. There was no difference between the two net types. For Topaz, shading after 19 days showed the best results. Regarding inner quality of both cultivars, only sugar content for Golden Delicious could be significantly improved after 19 and 26 days shading. Further analyses are still under way (e.g. for acidity). This study is part of an effort for increasing European consumption with fruit from sustainable production systems, the ISAFRUIT-EU-project

Irreversible reorganization in a supercooled liquid originates from localised soft modes

The transition of a fluid to a rigid glass upon cooling is a common route of transformation from liquid to solid that embodies the most poorly understood features of both phases1,2,3. From the liquid perspective, the puzzle is to understand stress relaxation in the disordered state. From the perspective of solids, the challenge is to extend our description of structure and its mechanical consequences to materials without long range order. Using computer simulations, we show that the localized low frequency normal modes of a configuration in a supercooled liquid are causally correlated to the irreversible structural reorganization of the particles within that configuration. We also demonstrate that the spatial distribution of these soft local modes can persist in spite of significant particle reorganization. The consequence of these two results is that it is now feasible to construct a theory of relaxation length scales in glass-forming liquids without recourse to dynamics and to explicitly relate molecular properties to their collective relaxation.Comment: Published online: 20 July 2008 | doi:10.1038/nphys1025 Available from http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v4/n9/abs/nphys1025.htm

Molecular epidemiology of invasive methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains circulating at a Swiss University Hospital

In contrast to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, little is known of the distribution of spa types among methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). We have analyzed 101 nonrepetitive invasive MSSA isolates from infected patients, consecutively isolated during 14months between 2006 and 2007 at University Hospital Basel. They were genetically characterized according to S. aureus protein A (spa) types and important virulence-associated genes. Sixty-five different spa types corresponding to nine different spa clonal complexes were observed. Analysis of different virulence genes showed a frequency of 17% for toxic-shock syndrome toxin and 5% for exfoliative toxin D. In conclusion, spa typing revealed a great genetic diversity without predominant spa type, not providing evidence for clonal spreadin

Effects of temperature and salinity on four species of northeastern Atlantic scyphistomae (Cnidaria Scyphozoa)

This work was funded by the MASTS pooling initiative (Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland), and we gratefully acknowledge that support. MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference HR09011) and contributing institutions. C.L.W. is also grateful to the US/UK Fulbright Commission and the University of St Andrews for their financial support.Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to examine the effects of different temperatures (4, 9, 14, 19, 23°C) and salinities (21, 27, 34) on survival and asexual reproduction of scyphistomae of Cyanea capillata, C. lamarckii, Chrysaora hysoscella, and Aurelia aurita in order to better understand how climate variability may affect the timing and magnitude of jellyfish blooms. Significant mortality was observed only for C. capillata and Ch. hysoscella at the highest and lowest temperatures, respectively, but temperature and salinity significantly affected the asexual reproductive output for all species. As temperature increased, production rates of podocysts increased and, if produced, progeny scyphistomae by side budding also increased. However, strobilation rates, and therefore the mean number of ephyrae produced, decreased when scyphistomae were exposed to elevated temperatures. These results provide a mechanistic explanation for why ephyrae of these species tend to be produced during colder periods of the year whilst summer and early autumn are probably important periods for increasing the numbers of scyphistomae in natural populations.PostprintPeer reviewe

Index of pretreatment intensity predicts outcome of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous progenitor cell transplantation in chemosensitive relapse of Hodgkin's disease

Purpose To identify prognostic factors in patients with chemosensitive relapsed Hodgkin's disease treated by high-dose chemotherapy with autologous progenitor cell transplantation (HDC) and to compare the duration of treatment-free remission prior to HDC with the progression-free survival after HDC in individual patients. Patients and methods Forty-five consecutive patients were analyzed retrospectively. We devised an index of pretreatment intensity (IPTI) based number of different chemo- and radio-therapy regimens given between diagnosis and HDC and on the duration of disease. Results With a median follow-up of 47 months the post-transplant event-free survival (EFS) was 44% and the overall survival. (OAS) was 62% at four years. The IPTI allowed to discriminate between a low and a high-risk group with a four-year post-transplant EFS of 66% and 11% and a OAS of 87% and 28%, respectively (P = 0.0001). Of the 39 patients with sufficient follow-up after HDC, post-transplant EFS lasted on average ≥ 18.5 months longer than the pretransplant treatment-free remission. Conclusions HDC with the CBV regimen confers significant benefit to patients with chemosensitive relapsed Hodgkin's disease. The IPTI may help to select patients with a good response to HDC and to identify poor prognosis patients suitable for experimental protocols or palliative care onl

Legionella Resources on the World Wide Web

Internet resources that focus on Legionella and legionnaires disease are presented. Web sites were selected on the basis of their content and adherence to suggested standards of medical Internet publishing. Free, accessible, English-language Web sites were categorized according to users' needs as follows: (1) those with comprehensive information on Legionella infection (including pathophysiologic characteristics, symptoms, and treatment of legionnaires disease), (2) those with information on outbreaks and epidemiology (including information for travelers), (3) those with information for researchers, (4) those about prevention, and (5) those with information for layperson