The Functioning of Euphemisms in Communicative Situations in Modern English

We are social creatures and heavily depend on our ability to communicate to make our way through the world. There are numerous of different expressive means which can improve possible courses in speech strategies. If the speaker has a desire to soft the tone of communication process, he or she can use such expressive lexical means as euphemisms.Важнейшей составляющей социального взаимодействия является социальная коммуникация – взаимный обмен информацией, предполагающий ориентацию обоих участников на ответную открытость партнера. Говорящий и адресат – два равноправных субъекта совместной речевой деятельности, которые обладают некими коммуникативными намерениями и могут спрогнозировать возможный ход в речевых стратегиях в соответствии с определенными установками. Порой субъекты оказываются в психологически напряженной ситуации во время разговора. Именно в этой ситуативной обстановке говорящий и слушающий сталкиваются с категорией категоричности и некатегоричности высказывания, которые базируются на основных принципах общения – принципе кооперации и принципе вежливости. Говорящий, не допуская конфликтных ситуаций, может ответить собеседнику тактично и заменить слова или выражение, с целью избежать прямого наименования всего, что способно вызвать негативные чувства у адресата. Такое явление как эвфемизация напрямую связано со стремлением заменить нежелательные реалии на более приятные и эмоционально нейтральные собеседнику

INFLUENCE OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS I-206 THERMOEXTRACTS IN L- AND S-FORM ON MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATE OF WHITE MICE ADRENAL GLANDS

Live vaccines are used for specific brucellosis prophylaxis in the Russian Federation. These vaccines in addition to a number of  positive properties have some limitations including high  agglutinogenicity, reactogenicity, sensitizing activity. In this  connection, the development of subunit vaccines without adverse  reactions is a perspective direction in modern vaccinology. Complex  morphological research of the adrenal glands and comparative  analysis of peripheral blood (leukogram, leukocytic index and index  of allergization) of white mice immunized with thermoextracts (ТE)  of Brucella abortus I-206 in L- and S-form and inactivated vaccine B.  abortus 19 ВА were conducted. It was shown that ТE unlike B.  abortus 19 ВА caused minor alterations in peripheral blood of the  experimental animals in early periods of observation (increase of allergization index, changes in leukogram) with the subsequent  levelling to the values in control. Expositions of the adrenal gland  zoning were determined and cellular structure was estimated in  consideration of morphometry. Changes in architectonics of the mice  organ immunized with B. abortus 19 ВА were revealed. These alterations could indicate the stress-reaction development. In  case of ТE application the given changes were insignificant and were  developed in early periods. The revealed morphological changes in  adrenal glands of laboratory animals permit to prove the necessity of  realization the further experimental researches to ТE application  as the components for development of a subcellular brucellosis vaccine

Prospects for the Use of Thermal Extracts of Brucella abortusI-206 in S-and L-Forms in the Diagnosis and Prevention of Brucellosis

Currently, one of the topical areas of research is the development of new antigen preparations for the specific diagnosis and prevention of brucellosis, since indication of the pathogen and prevention of the disease is complicated by the ability of brucella to dissociate, and live vaccines used for specific prevention of brucellosis have residual virulence. Thermal extracts (TE) obtained from Brucella abortus I-206 in the L- and S-form can be used as such promising antigens. It is known that TE in the L- and S-forms have immunogenic properties, as well as a modulating effect on the proliferation of immunocompetent cells, morphological changes in the immunocompetent organs of experimental animals.The aimof the work is to study the effect of Brucella abortus thermal extracts in L- and S-forms on the functional state of the cells of experimental animals.Materials  and  methods. The  study  was  performed  on  100  certified  white  mice.  As  objects  of  study,  we  used  the B. abortus I-206 TE in L- and S-forms. Evaluation of the effect of antigenic drugs on the functional state of phagocytes of laboratory animals in vitro was performed on peritoneal macrophages. The total activity of the respiratory chain enzymes in the NBT-test and superoxide dismutase was determined. Cells of intact animals served as controls. As a positive control, a commercial antigenic LPS preparation Escherichia coli was used. The content of cyclic nucleotides in homogenates of immunocompetent organs was determined using ELISA.Results.This study presents materials on the study of the effect of TE on the bactericidal activity of phagocytes and the level of cyclic nucleotides in immunocompetent organs. It has been established that TEs activate oxygen-dependent bactericidal systems of phagocytes. When studying the effect of TE on the content of cyclic nucleotides in immunocompetent organs of white mice, an increase in their concentration was revealed, indicating an increase in the functional activity of the cells.Conclusion.The obtained data make it possible to substantiate the need for a further detailed study of the immunogenic properties of B. abortus TE in the L- or S-form on the organism of experimental animals

Experience of Using a Complex Antigenic Preparation of the Plague Microbe to Assess the Severity of a Specific Anti-Plague Response

Background. Improving the methodology of immunological monitoring in natural foci of plague in the Russian Federation and adjacent territories to increase the effectiveness of epidemiological surveillance of plague is an urgent line of research. The lack of correlation between the production of specific antibodies to the capsular antigen (F1) ofthe plague microbe with other indicators of the state of cellular defense reactivity indicates the need to search for new informative and accessible markers for assessing anti-plague immunity.Objective: to evaluate possibility of using the complex preparation (F1 and cell membranes) evaluate the possibilities of using an artificial antigenic complex based on F1 and cell membranes (CM) of the plague microbe in antigen-specific tests in vitro in people vaccinated against plague.resu. The study involved 153 volunteers living in the territory enzootic for plague (the village of Khandagayty ofthe Ovyur kozhuun of the Tyva Republic and the village of Kosh-Agach of the Kosh-Agach district of the Altai Republic). The study included the determination of spontaneous and mitogen-induced production of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, TNF-α) by blood cells, titers of specific IgG antibodies to the capsular antigen F1 of the plague microbe and concentrations ofthe main classes of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE) in blood serum, as well as immunophenotyping of blood lymphocytes (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD19).Results. Comparative assessment of the level of cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-4) in spontaneous/induced F1+CM Y. pestis tests revealed a statistically significant increase in the production of cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ in the antigeninduced tests compared with spontaneous (p < 0.01).Conclusion. Thus, the effectiveness of the use of artificial antigenic complex based on F1 and cell membranes ofthe plague microbe has been shown to assess the production of cytokines in antigen-specific cell tests in vitro, which justifies the need for further research

Efficiency of Human Plague Vaccination in Tuvinian Natural Plague Focus

Background. Plague is an especially dangerous natural focal infectious disease belonging to a group of quarantine infections. There are eleven natural plague foci in Russian Federation. In Republic Tyva plague endemic territories include Ovyur, Mongun-Taigin and Tes-Hem areas where Y. pestis strains are intermittently isolated from Citellus undulates. Population living at the territory of the natural foci get immunoprophylaxis against plague at complication of epizootic and epidemic conditions.This paper presents the results of monitoring indicators of the immune status of people vaccinated with the plague vaccine living in the territory of the Tuva natural focus.Materials and methods. The study involved 76 volunteers who had not previously been vaccinated. The study included the determination of production IFN-γ, IL-4, TNF-α by blood cells, titers of specific IgG antibodies to the capsule F1 antigen of the Yersinia pestis, and concentrations of immunoglobulins in serum blood, as well as immunophenotyping of blood lymphocytes.Results. In the course of a comprehensive immunological study, features of the development of cellular and humoral reactions in people living in the territory of the Tuva natural plague focus were established in the first months after vaccination. Changes in the concentration dynamics of the main classes of immunoglobulins were accompanied by an increase in the level of specific IgGs to the F1 within 6 months after immunization. In the same period, a significant increase in the production of cytokines, as well as significant changes in terms of the subpopulation composition of the vaccinated blood.Conclusion. It is necessary to note the importance of studying of the human immune status in 1–3 months after plague vaccination as this period coincides with potentially dangerous season from epidemiological point of view. Nevertheless, much important role for improvement of tactics of the specific prevention measures plays the data received after the revaccination

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ХАРЧОВОГО СТАТУСУ У ДІТЕЙ ІЗ ЗАТРИМКОЮ ФІЗИЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ТА ШЛЯХИ ЙОГО КОРЕКЦІЇ

In children with retardation of non-endocrine genesis were investigated nutrition, the processes of lipids oxygenation and concomitant somatic pathology. The results allowded to reveal nutritional status disturbances, the impairment of oxygenic metabolism and to decide question about proper pathogenetic therapy. This therapy should contribute to active stimulation of growth processes and to the normalization of inner organs functional condition; it should have minimal side effects and allow to decide polypragmazia problem.У детей с отставанием в росте неэндокринного генеза проводили исследования состояния питания, процессов перекисного окисления липидов, изучали сопутствующую соматическую патологию. Результаты позволили выявить нарушения пищевого статуса, процессов окислительного метаболизма и определиться с рациональной патогенетической терапиею, которая бы содействовала бы активной стимуляции ростових процессов и восстановлению функционального состояния внутренних органов, имела минимальные побочные эффекты и позволила решить проблему полипрагмазии.У дітей із відставанням в рості неендокринного ґенезу досліджувався стан харчування, процеси перекисного окислення ліпідів, супутня соматична патологія. Результати дозволили виявити порушення харчового статусу, процесів окисного метаболізму та визначитися з раціональною патогенетичною терапією, яка б сприяла активній стимуляції ростових процесів та відновленню функціонального стану внутрішніх органів, мала мінімальні побічні ефекти і дозволяла вирішити проблему поліпрагмазії

Morphometric look at the primary and recurrent endometriomas

The aim of this study was to investigate the morphometric characteristics of ectopic endometrial ceils in primary and recurrent endometriosis. Samples were obtained from 46 women with endometriosis and 15 primary with recurrent cysts. Slice thickness of 4 mm. These sections were stained in the usual way with hematoxylin-eosin and subjected to optical microscopy using immersion objective with a total capacity of 10 optical x 100. As a result of the study showed an increase in almost all morphometric parameters in primary cysts that may be said about the higher proliferative activity of the basal cells of ectopic endometrium primary endometriomas compared with recurrent cysts.Целью данного исследования было изучение морфометрических характеристик эктопических эндометриальных клеток в первичных и рецидивирующих эндометриомах. Образцы были получены от 46 женщин с первичными эндометриомами и 15 с рецидивирующими кистами. Полученные срезы окрашивали обычным способом гематоксилин-эозином и подвергали оптической микроскопии с использованием иммерсионного объектива с общей оптической мощностью 10 х 100. В результате проведенного исследования было выявлено увеличение почти всех морфометрических параметров в первичных кистах, что, возможно, говорит о более высокой пролиферативной активности базальных клеток эктопического эндометрия первичных эндометриом по сравнению с рецидивирующими кистами

Генетические изменения в линии Рпоч1-КК cветлоклеточного рака почки человека

Continuous cell line Рпоч1-КК from the сollection of N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center refers to the kidney clear cell carcinoma subtypе. It is useful for study of carcinogenesis and molecular targets for targeted therapy.Objective. Analysis of the genetic alterations in a stable cell culture Рпоч1-КК to characterize this model cell line.Results. Alterations in VHL (exons 1, 2 and 3) and TP53 genes (exons 6–10) were identified by amplification of genomic DNA followed by fragment analysis polymerase chain reaction and direct Sanger sequencing. An extended deletion in exon 1 in combination with mutation in exon 7 of VHL gene and 2 polymorphisms in exon 4 of TP53 gene were reveated. Such simultaneous alterations in 2 suppressor genes maight be one of the causes of aggressive tumor growth and its resistance to standard therapy.Перевиваемая клеточная линия Рпоч1-КК из коллекции РОНЦ им. Н. Н. Блохина относится к подтипу светлоклеточного рака почки и может использоваться для исследования механизмов канцерогенеза, а также определения молекулярных мишеней таргетной терапии.Цель исследования – анализ генетических изменений в стабильной культуре клеток Рпоч1-КК для характеристики этой модельной линии.Результаты. Изменения в генах VHL (экзоны 1, 2 и 3) и ТР53 (экзоны 6–10) идентифицировали путем амплификации геномной ДНК с последующим фрагментным анализом продуктов полимеразной цепной реакции и прямым секвенированием по Сэнгеру. Выявлена протяженная делеция в экзоне 1 гена VHL в сочетании с мутацией в экзоне 7 и 2 полиморфизмами в экзоне 4 гена ТР53. Такие cопряженные нарушения в генах- супрессорах могут быть одной из причин агрессивного роста опухоли и ее резистентности к стандартной терапии

Scientific and Methodological Support of Activities on Carrying Out Immunological Monitoring of Vaccinated Against Plague Persons Residing in the Territories of Natural Foci of the Infection

The article covers the issues related to the scientific substantiation and methodological support of immunological monitoring of persons vaccinated against plague upon epidemic indications. The problematic issues of the methodology for the assessment of immunological efficiency (efficacy) of plague live vaccine (PLV) are noted. The current tasks and possible prospects for the introduction of immunological monitoring of persons vaccinated against plague upon epidemic indications have been defined. The algorithm of efficacy estimation of plague live vaccine in vaccinated (revaccinated) persons has been tested under real conditions. Analysis of the results of efficacy evaluation of plague live vaccine among vaccinated (revaccinated) people against plague living in the territories of natural foci of this infection has been performed. Demonstrated is the possibility of using immunological monitoring results in creating an objective basis for improving the strategy of specific plague prevention in natural foci of this infection. The priority areas for further optimization of the specific plague prevention in the territories of natural foci of the infection, including those related to the formation of individual regimen revaccination tactics, taking into account the possibilities of creating modern and effective vaccines, are outlined