176 research outputs found
Expression of human beta-defensins-1, 2 and 4 mRNA in human lung tumor tissue: a pilot study
To analyze the patterns of human beta-defensin-1, 2, 4 (hBDs) expression in human lung tumors. Materials and Methods: Tissue samples of surgically resected human lung tumors (squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), n = 10; adenocarcinoma (AC), n = 10) paired with conditionally normal tissue samples were analized for expression of hBD-1, 2, 4 mRNA by semiquantitive RT-PCR. Results: In a number of studied lung cancer tissue samples, overexpression of defensin mRNA was registered: hBD-1 mRNA (50% of SCC and 60% AC), hBD-2 mRNA (60% of SCC and 50% of AC) or hBD-4 (40% of SCC and 20% AC). No correlation was detected between the levels of hBD-1, hBD-2 and hBD-4 mRNA and histological type, differentiation grade of the tumor, and the stage of the disease, as well as the content of hBD-2 peptide in blood serum of lung cancer patients. Conclusion: Human beta-defensins-1 and -2 are often up-regulated in human lung tumors.Цель: проанализировать особенности экспрессии мРНК бета-дефенсинов-1, 2, 4 (hBDs) в ткани опухоли легкого человека.
Материалы и методы: с помощью метода полуколичественного RT-PCR-анализа изучали уровень экспрессии мРНК
hBD-1, 2, 4 в образцах ткани хирургически удаленных опухолей легкого человека (плоскоклеточный рак — ПКР, n = 10;
аденокарцинома — AК, n = 10) по сравнению с образцами условно-нормальной ткани легкого тех же пациентов. Результаты:
в ряде исследованных образцов опухолей легкого выявлена повышенная экспрессия мРНК hBD-1 (50% ПКР и 60% AК),
hBD-2 (60% ПКР и 50% АК) или hBD-4 (40% ПКР и 20% AК). Зависимости между уровнем экспрессии бета-дефенсинов
и гистологическим типом опухоли, стадией заболевания и содержанием пептида hBD-2 в сыворотке крови больных не
установлено. Выводы: в ткани опухоли легкого человека часто активирована экспрессия hBD-1 и hBD-2
Synthesis of acyclic nucleoside analogues by one-step Vorbrüggen glyco-sylation of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-ones
New analogues of acyclovir have been prepared by reacting 1,2,4 -triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ones 1а-i and (2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl acetate 2 in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate as a catalyst. The interaction between the compounds 1а-е and 2 has led to a mixture of N3 and N4 isomers. In contrast, the reaction of compounds 1g-i and 2 proceeded selectively to form N3 isomers. In the case of compounds 1a-c the predominant product is the one with the acyclic moiety in azine ring (N4 isomer). Interaction between 1d-f and 2 has led to mixtures comprising mainly N3 isomer. It has been found that the ratio of glycosylation products 1 and 2 are thermodynamically controlled. The structure of the obtained compounds has been proved by 1Н, 13С, two-dimensional 1Н-13С NMR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis
Non-natural nucleosides based on 1,2,4-triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-4(6H)- ones
Two regioselective methods for the synthesis of nucleosides in the series of 3-phenyl- and 3- ethoxycarbonyl-1,2,4-triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-4-ones were developed. The first route involves a Vorbrüggen glycosylation reaction. The second one is based on condensation of 1,2,4- triazolo[5,1-c][1,2, 4]triazin-4-one sodium salts with protected 1-bromo-sugar derivatives
Spin-spin coupling constants 13C-15N and 1H-15N in the investigation of azido-tetrazole tautomerism in a series of 2-azidopyrimidines
A new method was developed for the investigation of an azido-tetrazole equilibrium based on using a complex analysis of 13C-15N and 1H-15N spin-spin coupling constants. The use of this approach became possible due to the selective inclusion of 15N isotopes into the structures of 2-azidopyrimidines and their cyclic analogs tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Long-range 1H-15N J couplings providing a method for direct studies of the structure and azide-tetrazole equilibrium in a series of azido-1,2,4-triazines and azidopyrimidines
The selectively 15N labeled azido-1,2,4-triazine 2*A and azidopyrimidine 4*A were synthesized by treating hydrazinoazines with 15N-labeled nitrous acid. The synthesized compounds were studied by 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectroscopy in DMSO, TFA, and DMSO/TFA solutions, where the azide-tetrazole equilibrium could lead to the formation of two tetrazoles (T, T′) and one azide (A) isomer for each compound. The incorporation of the 15N label led to the appearance of long-range 1H-15N coupling constants (JHN), which can be measured easily by using amplitude-modulated 1D 1H spin-echo experiments with selective inversion of the 15N nuclei. The observed JHN patterns enable the unambiguous determination of the mode of fusion between the azole and azine rings in the two groups of tetrazole isomers (2*T′, 4*T′ and 2*T, 4*T), even for minor isoforms with a low concentration in solution. However, the azide isomers (2*A and 4*A) are characterized by the absence of detectable J HN coupling. The analysis of the JHN couplings in 15N-labeled compounds provides a simple and efficient method for direct NMR studies of the azide-tetrazole equilibrium in solution. © 2013 American Chemical Society
An inhomogeneous toy-model of the quantum gravity with explicitly evolvable observables
An inhomogeneous (1+1)-dimensional model of the quantum gravity is
considered. It is found, that this model corresponds to a string propagating
against some curved background space. The quantization scheme including the
Wheeler-DeWitt equation and the "particle on a sphere" type of the gauge
condition is suggested. In the quantization scheme considered, the "problem of
time" is solved by building of the quasi-Heisenberg operators acting in a space
of solutions of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation and the normalization of the wave
function corresponds to the Klein-Gordon type. To analyze the physical
consequences of the scheme, a (1+1)-dimensional background space is considered
for which a classical solution is found and quantized. The obtained estimations
show the way to solution of the cosmological constant problem, which consists
in compensation of the zero-point oscillations of the matter fields by the
quantum oscillations of the scale factor. Along with such a compensation, a
slow global evolution of a background corresponding to an universe expansion
exists.Comment: 18 page
Immunohistochemical analysis of beta-defensin-2 expression in human lung tumors
The aim of this paper is to present research was directed on analysis of the expression patterns of human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) in human lung tumors
Covariance and Time Regained in Canonical General Relativity
Canonical vacuum gravity is expressed in generally-covariant form in order
that spacetime diffeomorphisms be represented within its equal-time phase
space. In accordance with the principle of general covariance, the time mapping
{\T}: {\yman} \to {\rman} and the space mapping {\X}: {\yman} \to {\xman}
that define the Dirac-ADM foliation are incorporated into the framework of the
Hilbert variational principle. The resulting canonical action encompasses all
individual Dirac-ADM actions, corresponding to different choices of foliating
vacuum spacetimes by spacelike hypersurfaces. In this framework, spacetime
observables, namely, dynamical variables that are invariant under spacetime
diffeomorphisms, are not necessarily invariant under the deformations of the
mappings \T and \X, nor are they constants of the motion. Dirac observables
form only a subset of spacetime observables that are invariant under the
transformations of \T and \X and do not evolve in time. The conventional
interpretation of the canonical theory, due to Bergmann and Dirac, can be
recovered only by postulating that the transformations of the reference system
({\T},{\X}) have no measurable consequences. If this postulate is not deemed
necessary, covariant canonical gravity admits no classical problem of time.Comment: 41 pages, no figure
Optimization of Ti/Ta2O5–SnO2 electrodes and reaction parameters for electrocatalytic oxidation of methylene blue
ВНИМАНИЮ ЛУКОВОДОВ - ЧЕРНАЯ ПЛЕСЕНЬ ЛУКА
The black mold of several varieties of onion was found in our zone of cultivation. The causative agent was identified as Aspergillus niger Tieghem 1867. The degree of damage by this disease grades and depends on temperature optimal for growth and sporulation of fungi.Зафиксировано ранее не наблюдавшееся в нашей зоне сильное поражение ряда сортов лука репчатого черной плесенью, возбудитель которой идентифицирован как Aspergillus niger Tieghem 1867. Установлена разная степень поражения сортов этим заболеванием и зависимость роста и спороношения гриба от температуры
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