3,633 research outputs found
A possibility to measure elastic photon--photon scattering in vacuum
Photon--photon scattering in vacuum due to the interaction with virtual
electron-positron pairs is a consequence of quantum electrodynamics. A way for
detecting this phenomenon has been devised based on interacting modes generated
in microwave waveguides or cavities [G. Brodin, M. Marklund and L. Stenflo,
Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{87} 171801 (2001)]. Here we materialize these ideas,
suggest a concrete cavity geometry, make quantitative estimates and propose
experimental details. It is found that detection of photon-photon scattering
can be within the reach of present day technology.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure
Theory of Z boson decays
The precision data on Z boson decays from LEP-I and SLC colliders are
compared with the predictions based on the Minimal Standard Theory. The Born
approximation of the theory is based on three most accurately known
observables: G_mu -- the four fermion coupling constant of muon decay, m_Z --
the mass of the Z boson, and alpha(m_Z) -- the value of the running fine
structure constant at the scale of m_Z. The electroweak loop corrections are
expressed, in addition, in terms of the masses of higgs, m_H, of the top and
bottom quarks, m_t and m_b, and of the strong interaction constant
alpha_s(m_Z). The main emphasis of the review is focused on the
one-electroweak-loop approximation. Two electroweak loops have been calculated
in the literature only partly. Possible manifestations of new physics are
briefly discussed.Comment: 80 pages, 16 figures, accepted in Reports on Progress in Physic
Electroweak radiative corrections in Z boson decays
Contribution to A.D.Sakharov memorial volume. A detailed review of the
electroweak radiative corrections to the Z-boson decays in the framework of the
Minimal Standard Modelm (MSM) is presented. After a short historical
introduction we describe the optimal parametrization of the MSM, especially of
the Born approximation, and derive expressions for the one-loop electroweak
corrections. Finally a global fit of all relevant experimental data is
performed, resulting in fitted values of the top-quark mass, m_t, and strong
coupling constant /alpha_s. Allowed range for the value of the Higgs mass, m_H,
is discussed. Various details of calculations are described in 16 appendices.Comment: 98 pages,21 EPS and PS figures,uses epsf.sty, separate file with the
tared, compressed and uuencoded figures is awailable at
http://wwwtheor.itep.ru/~vysotsky/figures.u
On the search for 50 GeV neutrinos
Using the computer code CompHEP we estimate the number of events and the
background, at LEP II and TESLA, for the reaction ,
where is a hypothetical Dirac neutrino with mass of the order of 50 GeV.Comment: Standard LaTeX, 9 pages, 2 tables, 3 figure
Precision measurements, extra generations and heavy neutrino
The existence of extra chiral generations with all fermions heavier than
is strongly disfavored by the precision electroweak data. The exclusion
of one additional generation of heavy fermions in SUSY extension of Standard
Model is less forbidden if chargino and neutralino have low degenerate masses
with GeV. However the data are fitted nicely even by a few
extra generations, if one allows neutral leptons to have masses close to 50
GeV. Such heavy neutrino can be searched in the reaction at LEP-200 with total final luminosity of .Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, Proceedings ICHEP2000 Osaka conferenc
Short-Wave Excitations in Non-Local Gross-Pitaevskii Model
It is shown, that a non-local form of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation allows to
describe not only the long-wave excitations, but also the short-wave ones in
the systems with Bose-condensate. At given parameter values, the excitation
spectrum mimics the Landau spectrum of quasi-particle excitations in superfluid
Helium with roton minimum. The excitation wavelength, at which the roton
minimum exists, is close to the inter-particle interaction range. It is shown,
that the existence domain of the spectrum with a roton minimum is reduced, if
one accounts for an inter-particle attraction.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, UJP style; presented at Bogolyubov Kyiv
Conference "Modern Problems of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics",
September 15-18, 200
Mass of the higgs versus fourth generation masses
The predicted value of the higgs mass is analyzed assuming the
existence of the fourth generation of leptons () and quarks ().
The steep and flat directions are found in the five-dimensional parameter
space: , , , , . The LEPTOP fit of the precision
electroweak data is compatible (in particular) with GeV, GeV, GeV, GeV, and GeV. The quality of fits drastically improves when the data on b- and
c-quark asymmetries and new NuTeV data on deep inelastic scattering are
ignored.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
Spectral Analysis of Multi-dimensional Self-similar Markov Processes
In this paper we consider a discrete scale invariant (DSI) process with scale . We consider to have some fix number of
observations in every scale, say , and to get our samples at discrete points
where is obtained by the equality
and . So we provide a discrete time scale
invariant (DT-SI) process with parameter space . We find the spectral representation of the covariance function of
such DT-SI process. By providing harmonic like representation of
multi-dimensional self-similar processes, spectral density function of them are
presented. We assume that the process is also Markov
in the wide sense and provide a discrete time scale invariant Markov (DT-SIM)
process with the above scheme of sampling. We present an example of DT-SIM
process, simple Brownian motion, by the above sampling scheme and verify our
results. Finally we find the spectral density matrix of such DT-SIM process and
show that its associated -dimensional self-similar Markov process is fully
specified by where is
the covariance function of th and th observations of the process.Comment: 16 page
Laser photon merging in proton-laser collisions
The quantum electrodynamical vacuum polarization effects arising in the
collision of a high-energy proton beam and a strong, linearly polarized laser
field are investigated. The probability that laser photons merge into one
photon by interacting with the proton`s electromagnetic field is calculated
taking into account the laser field exactly. Asymptotics of the probability are
then derived according to different experimental setups suitable for detecting
perturbative and nonperturbative vacuum polarization effects. The
experimentally most feasible setup involves the use of a strong optical laser
field. It is shown that in this case measurements of the polarization of the
outgoing photon and and of its angular distribution provide promising tools to
detect these effects for the first time.Comment: 38 pages, 9 figure
Nitrogen dynamics in land cleared of alien vegetation (Acacia saligna) and impacts on groundwater at Riverlands Nature Reserve (Western Cape, South Africa)
Woody invading alien plants, many of which are nitrogen-fixing legumes (Fabaceae family), are currently cleared in South African catchments to reduce water loss and preserve streamflow, and for the restoration of the ecosystem. This study tested the hypothesis that clearing invasive alien vegetation may disturb the vegetation-micro-organism-soil N cycling system by producing a large once-off input of fresh tree litterfall rich in N and by eliminating a large N sink. Three experimental plots were established at the Riverlands Nature Reserve (Western Cape, South Africa): a site invaded by Acacia saligna to be used as control; a site cleared of Acacia saligna; and a site with natural vegetation to be used as background. Nitrogen concentrations in soil and groundwater, volumetric soil water contents, root density and weather conditions were measured during 2007. Oxidised forms of nitrogen, in particular NO3-, were dominant in the system. Recharge and leachate were simulated with the HYDRUS-2D model and used as inputs into Visual MODFLOW to predict the spatial distribution of nitrate plus nitrite (NOx) in groundwater. NOx levels in soil and groundwater were higher in alien-invaded areas compared to fynbos-covered land. A quick release of NOx into groundwater was observed due to high residual N reserves in the rooting zone, decreased  evapotranspiration and increased recharge in the treatment cleared of alien vegetation. In the long run, high NOx concentrations in groundwater underlying cleared land will last only until all the excess nitrogen has been leached from the soil. A decrease in NOx concentration in groundwater can be expected thereafter. Clearing land of alien invasive legumes may therefore have a beneficial effect by reducing groundwater contamination from NOx and reducing water losses in catchments
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