2,438 research outputs found
The effects of eccentric, velocity-based training on strength and power in collegiate athletes
International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 657-666, 2016. The purpose of this study was to determine if combining velocity-based training with eccentric focus (VEB) and velocity-based training (VBT) results in power and strength gains. Nineteen men and women collegiate track and field athletes participated in this study. The subjects completed a 12-week intervention with either a VEB program or a VBT program. To determine the effectiveness of each program, the subjects completed four exercise tests before and after the training period: vertical jump, medicine ball put test, 1RM projected bench press and 1RM projected squat. There were no significant differences between the VBT results and the VEB results. However, there were significant improvements between the pre-test and post-test measures for each group. There were increases in 1RM projected squat for VEB men, VBT men, and VBT women. There were also significant improvements in the VEB male vertical jump and medicine ball put test pre- to post- intervention. For track and field athletes, both programs may result in strength and power gains, however, the results cannot be used to conclude that one resistance training program is superior
Spectral Characterization of the AisaOWL
The AisaOWL is a recent-to-market thermal hyperspectral instrument. As such, there is little information about the sensor performance in the literature. The sensor covers the 7.6 to 12.6~ part of the Long Wave Infra-Red region with 102 continuous bands, and is capable of imaging in low-light conditions. This paper presents an independent
characterisation of the AisaOWL sensor, examining the spectral accuracy of black body measurements at different temperatures and validating manufacturer recommendations for warm-up, integration and calibration times. This analysis is essential for establishing high quality operational procedures and in giving confidence to users of the data. In this study the sensor has been found to have a
maximum error of 2~\textdegree C in absolute temperature measurement, and provides spectra most accurate in the 8 to 9~ region. The recommended warm-up time of
15 minutes has been confirmed, with a 1~\% increase in error
identified for data collected only 7 minutes after switch on. The optimal integration time of 1.18~ms has been validated and an exponential decrease in performance observed outside the 0.85 to 1.2~ms range.
The detector used by the sensor is shown to have stability issues and this has been examined by comparing black body data processed with different calibration data. While the detector is operating in a stable regime compatible with the
calibration, these black body readings stay within 5~\% across the central bands, approaching 10~\% below 8~ and just exceeding 20~\% above 11~
Drug administration errors by South African anaesthetists - a survey
Objectives. To investigate the incidence, nature of and factors contributing towards wrong drug administrations by South African anaesthetists. Design. A confidential, self-reporting survey was sent out to the 720 anaesthetists on the database of the South African Society of Anaesthesiologists. Results. A total of 133 questionnaires were returned for analysis (18.5% response rate). Of the respondents, 125 (94%) admitted to having inadvertently administered a wrong drug. Thirty respondents (22.6%) said they had made errors on at least four occasions. A total of 303 specific wrong drug administrations were described. Nearly 50% involved muscle relaxants. A further 43 incidents (14%) involved the erroneous administration of vasoactive drugs. Five deaths and 3 nonfatal cardiac arrests were reported. In 9.9% of incidents the anaesthetic time was prolonged by more than 30 minutes. Contributory causes identified included syringe swaps (40%), misidentification of drugs (27.1%), fatigue (14.1%), distractions (4.7%), and mislabelling of syringes (4.7%). Only 19% of respondents regularly use colour-coded syringe labels complying with the national standard. Conclusions. Most anaesthetists experienced at least one drug error. The incidence of wrong drug administrations by South African anaesthetists appears to be similar to that in Australasia and Canada. The commonest error was a ‘syringe swap’ involving muscle relaxants. Most drug errors are inconsequential. An important minority of incidents result in severe morbidity or death. The study supports efforts to improve ampoule labelling, to encourage the use of syringe labels based on the international colour code and to develop a national reporting system for such incidents
Die trauma van geweldsmisdaad op die funksionering van geloofsgemeenskappe
Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2001ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Violent crime in South Africa in general and on the Cape Flats in particular, is a very
complex phenomenon. This phenomenon has various historical, sociopolitical and
economic roots.
Furthermore, violent crime has a direct as well as indirect impact on the functioning of
faith communities within societies. Congregations and churches do not function in
isolation from the rest of society. Theology, and more specifically pastoral care, must be
seriously concerned with the problems experienced by the community at large.
A pastoral strategy should therefore move away from a spirituality that only focus on the
impact of violence on individuals and families. Because violent crime is a systemic
phenomenon, a socio-systemic approach should be followed, in which the impact of
violent crime on faith communities should be analyzed in order to create a holistic
model.
In Chapter 1 we look at the reasons for violence. We focus on the appearance of crime,
the relationship between aggression and crime. Different types of aggression as well as
some underlying causes of aggression are discussed.
In Chapter 2 we focus on crime as a national phenomenon. Certain historical roots of
the current "culture of violence" are discussed. We also look at the impact of the political
transition since 1990 on the socio-economic and moral situation in the country.
In Chapter 3 we take a closer look at the situation on the Cape Flats. Particular attention
is given to the issue of gangsterism, which in a certain sense has become synonymous
with the Cape Peninsula.
In Chapter 4 the trauma of violent crime on communities is the focus of discussion.
Results of a victim survey in Cape Town are utilized. Violence against women and
children enjoy special attention. The effect of violent crime on faith communities is
highlighted.
In the last chapter we try to put forward some guidelines for a theory of practice for the
pastoral care of people living on the Cape Flats, using traditional-historic and current
resources. We propose a holistic model with a systemic approach.
We choose a theory of practice based upon an eco-hermeneutic model, which implies
the following:
The interpretation of the salvation of God to people (hermeneutic) within the reality
(existence) of their daily lives (systemic). We indicate a few areas for long term, preventative building up and healing intervention
and conclude with the results of this research.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geweldsmisdaad in Suid-Afrika in die algemeen en op die Kaapse Vlakte in
besonder, is 'n uiters komplekse fenomeen, waarvan die wortels gesoek moet
word in verskeie historiese, sosio-politieke en ekonomiese oorsake.
Hierdie geweldsmisdaad het In direkte en indirekte impak op die funksionering
van geloofsgemeenskappe binne die samelewing. Gemeentes en kerke
funksioneer nie in isolasie van die res van die samelewing nie en daarom behoort
teologie en die pastoraat in besonder, erns te maak met die probleme waarmee
die breer gemeenskap worstel.
In Pastorale strategie behoort dus weg te beweeg van In spiritualiteit wat fokus
bloot op die impak van geweld op individue en gesinne. Omdat geweldsmisaad In
sistemiese verskynsel is, behoort In sosio-sistemiese benadering gevolg te word
waarbinne die impak van geweldsmisdaad op geloofsgemeenskappe
kontekstueel ontleed word ten einde In holistiese model te ontwerp.
In Hoofstuk 1 word daar gekyk na oorsake van geweld. Ons kyk na die voorkoms
van misdaad, die verband tussen aggressie en geweld. Verskillende tipes
aggressie sowel as onderliggende oorsake vir aggressie word bespreek.
In Hoofstuk 2 word daar gefokus op geweld as nasionale fenomeen. 8epaalde
historiese wortels van die huidige "kultuur van geweld" word bespreek. Daar word
veral gekyk na die impak van die politieke transisie sedert 1990 op die sosioekonomiese
en morele toestand in die land.
In Hoofstuk 3 word die situasie op die Kaapse Vlakte van nader beskou. Die
verskynsel van bendegeweld wat in 'n sekere sin al so sinoniem met die Kaapse
Skiereiland geword het, kry besondere aandag.
In Hoofstuk 4 word die trauma van geweldsmisdaad op gemeenskappe
bespreek. Resultate van 'n opname onder slagoffers van misdaad in Kaapstad
word as uitgangspunt gebruik. Geweld teen vroue en kinders geniet spesiale
aandag. Die effek hiervan op die funksionering van geloofsgemeenskappe word
uitgelig.
In die laaste hoofstuk word gepoog om vanuit die tradisioneel-historiese sowel
as hedendaagse bronne tot ons beskikking riglyne vir 'n moontlike praktykteorie
vir die pastorale begeleiding van lidmate binne hierdie gemeenskappe op die
Kaapse Vlakte daar te stel. 'n Holistiese model wat sistemies te werk gaan, word
voorgestel.
Die keuse vir In praktykteorie gebou op In eko-hermeneutiese model word
gemaak, wat neerkom op: Die vertolking van God se heil aan mense (hermeneuties) binne die
totale werklikheid van hule daaglikse bestaan (ekosistemies).
In Paar areas vir langtermyn, preventatiewe opbou en ehelende intervensie word
voorgestel en die navorsingsbevindinge van hierdie studie word aangedui
Pt nanocrystals formed by ion implantation: a defect-mediated nucleation process
The influence of ion irradiation of SiOâ‚‚ on the size of metalnanocrystals (NCs) formed by ion implantation has been investigated. Thin SiOâ‚‚ films were irradiated with high-energy Ge ions then implanted with Pt ions. Without Geirradiation, the largest Pt NCs were observed beyond the Pt projected range. With irradiation, Ge-induced structural modification of the SiOâ‚‚ layer yielded a decrease in Pt NC size with increasing Ge fluence at such depths. A defect-mediated NC nucleation mechanism is proposed and a simple yet effective means of modifying and controlling the Pt NC size is demonstrated.The authors thank the Australian Research Council for
financial support
Metabolomic analysis of Arabidopsis reveals hemiterpenoid glycosides as products of a nitrate ion-regulated, carbon flux overflow
An understanding of the balance between carbon and nitrogen assimilation in plants is key to future bioengineering for a range of applications. Metabolomic analysis of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, using combined NMR-MS revealed the presence of two hemiterpenoid glycosides that accumulated in leaf tissue, to ~1% dry weight under repeated nitrate-deficient conditions. The formation of these isoprenoids was correlated with leaf nitrate concentrations that could also be assayed in the metabolomic data using a unique flavonoid–nitrate mass spectral adduct. Analysis of leaf and root tissue from plants grown in hydroponics with a variety of root stressors identified the conditions under which the isoprenoid pathway in leaves was diverted to the hemiterpenoids. These compounds were strongly induced by root wounding or oxidative stress and weakly induced by potassium deficiency. Other stresses such as cold, saline, and osmotic stress did not induce the compounds. Replacement of nitrate with ammonia failed to suppress the formation of the hemiterpenoids, indicating that nitrate sensing was a key factor. Feeding of intermediates was used to study aspects of 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway regulation leading to hemiterpenoid formation. The formation of the hemiterpenoids in leaves was strongly correlated with the induction of the phenylpropanoids scopolin and coniferin in roots of the same plants. These shunts of photosynthetic carbon flow are discussed in terms of overflow mechanisms that have some parallels with isoprene production in tree species
Food fussiness and food neophobia share a common etiology in early childhood
BACKGROUND: 'Food fussiness' (FF) is the tendency to be highly selective about which foods one is willing to eat, and emerges in early childhood; 'food neophobia' (FN) is a closely related characteristic but specifically refers to rejection of unfamiliar food. These behaviors are associated, but the extent to which their etiological architecture overlaps is unknown. The objective of this study was to quantify the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences to variation in FF and FN in early childhood; and to establish the extent to which they share common genetic and environmental influences. METHOD: Participants were 1,921 families with 16-month-old twins from the Gemini birth cohort. Parents completed the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire which included three FF items and four FN items. Bivariate quantitative genetic modeling was used to quantify: (a) genetic and environmental contributions to variation in FF and FN; and (b) the extent to which genetic or environmental influences on FF and FN are shared across the traits. RESULTS: Food fussiness and FN were strongly correlated (r = .72, p < .001). Proportions of variation in FF were equally explained by genetic (.46; 95% CI: 0.41-0.52) and shared environmental influences (.46; 95% CI: 0.41-0.51). Shared environmental effects accounted for a significantly lower proportion of variation in FN (.22; 95% CI: 0.14-0.30), but genetic influences were not significantly different from those on FF (.58, 95% CI: 0.50-0.67). FF and FN largely shared a common etiology, indicated by high genetic (.73; 95% CI: 0.67-0.78) and shared environmental correlations (.78; 95% CI: 0.69-0.86) across the two traits. CONCLUSIONS: Food fussiness and FN both show considerable heritability at 16 months but shared environmental factors, for example the home environment, influenced more interindividual differences in the expression of FF than in FN. FF and FN largely share a common etiology
Brief interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections suitable for in-service use: a systematic review
Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are more common in young people and men who have sex with men (MSM) and effective in-service interventions are needed.
Methods: A systematic review of randomized control trials (RCTs) of waiting-room delivered,self-delivered and brief healthcare-provider-delivered interventions designed to
reduce STIs, increase use of home-based STI testing, or reduce STI-risk behaviour was conducted. Six databases were searched between January 2000 to October 2014.
Results: 17,916 articles were screened. 23 RCTs of interventions for young people met our inclusion criteria. Significant STI reductions were found in four RCTs of interventions using brief one-to-one counselling (2 RCTs), video (1 RCT) and a STI home-testing kit (1 RCT).
Increase in STI test uptake was found in five studies using video (1 RCT), one-to-one counselling (1 RCT), home test kit (2 RCTs) and a web-based intervention (1 RCT).
Reduction in STI-risk behaviour was found in seven RCTs of interventions using digital online (web-based) and offline (computer software) (3 RCTs), printed materials (1 RCT) and video (3 RCTs). Ten RCTs of interventions for MSM met our inclusion criteria. Three tested for STI reductions but none found significant differences between intervention and control groups. Increased STI test uptake was found in two studies using brief one-to-one counselling (1 RCT) and an online web-based intervention (1 RCT. Reduction in STI-risk behaviour was found in six studies using digital online (web-based) interventions (4 RCTs) and brief one-to one
counselling (2 RCTs.
Conclusion: A small number of interventions which could be used, or adapted for use, in sexual health clinics were found to be effective in reducing STIs among young people and in promoting self-reported STI-risk behaviour change in MSM
Genetic and environmental influences on food preferences in adolescence
Background: Food preferences vary substantially among adults and children. Twin studies have established that genes and aspects of the shared family environment both play important roles in shaping children's food preferences. The transition from childhood to adulthood is characterized by large gains in independence, but the relative influences of genes and the environment on food preferences in late adolescence are unknown. Objective: The aim of this study was to quantify the contribution of genetic and environmental influences on food preferences in older adolescents. Design: Participants were 2865 twins aged 18-19 y from the TEDS (Twins Early Development Study), a large population-based cohort of British twins born during 1994-1996. Food preferences were measured by using a self-report questionnaire of 62 individual foods. Food items were categorized into 6 food groups (fruit, vegetables, meat or fish, dairy, starch foods, and snacks) by using factor analysis. Maximum likelihood structural equation modeling established genetic and environmental contributions to variations in preferences for each food group. Results: Genetic factors influenced a significant and substantial proportion of the variation in preference scores of all 6 food groups: vegetables (0.54; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.59), fruit (0.49; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.55), starchy foods (0.32; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.39), meat or fish (0.44; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.51), dairy (0.44; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.50), and snacks (0.43; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.49). Aspects of the environment that are not shared by 2 twins in a family explained all of the remaining variance in food preferences. Conclusions: Food preferences had a moderate genetic basis in late adolescence, in keeping with findings in children. However, by this older age, the influence of the shared family environment had disappeared, and only aspects of the environment unique to each individual twin influenced food preferences. This finding suggests that shared environmental experiences that influence food preferences in childhood may not have effects that persist into adulthood
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