THE PROBLEM OF INTERDISCIPLINARITY IN LEARNING PROCESS STUDIES

Introduction. The process of convergence and integration of scientific disciplines involves research in the field of education. Polydisciplinary studies wherein the knowledge is integrated from various scientific disciplines, do not meet the requirements of the solution of complex didactic problems, such as organization of the educational process in the information and educational environment, the construction of education for sustainable development of society, education in modern geopolitical conditions, etc. Thus, the importance of interdisciplinary research with a single subject matter, complementarity of research methods, integrated theoretical grounds and results, will make the contribution to all those scientific fields that are involved in assigned task solution.The aim of the article is to present intermediate results on identification and characteristic features of interdisciplinary studies in the field of education.Methodology and research methods. General scientific theoretical methods of research were used: analysis, comparison, fact-finding, generalization.Results and scientific novelty. An attempt to differentiate the concepts of interdisciplinarity, polydisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity is made. In spite of the fact that these issues are actively discussed in the field of philosophy, there are no precise and unambiguous definitions of these terms; though, there is a research framework, the author of the article makes reference to. The features of an interdisciplinary study are formulated.The functions of didactics as a scientific field are specified. Updating of interdisciplinary studies in education, need of formation of their specific methodologies and expansion of the research field of didactics by means of other interdisciplinary studies and scientific directions are proved. Psycho-didactic and cognitivedidactic studies are considered. Cognitive didactics at the moment does not seem to claim the status of independent scientific discipline as predicted by revealed criteria of interdisciplinarity. It should, however, be noted that in future didactics and cognitive science will combine research efforts on the basis of understanding of common problems and will carry out an ontologization of new scientific reality – cognitive didactics. Realization of this strategic prospect will require not only integration of intellectual resources, but also attraction of organizational and administrative ones, as well as creation of scientific collaborations (associations).The received intermediate results demonstrate updating of cross-disciplinary researches in training, expansion of the research field of didactics at the expense of cross-disciplinary areas of scientific knowledge.Practical significance. Possibilities and scopes for implementation of interdisciplinary studies in the field of didactics, designing of methodologies will allow the experts to deal with current problems of the organization and implementation of education, therefore, to resolve the problems that can not be solved in monoand multidisciplinary studies

THE PROBLEM OF INTERDISCIPLINARITY IN LEARNING PROCESS STUDIES

Introduction. The process of convergence and integration of scientific disciplines involves research in the field of education. Polydisciplinary studies wherein the knowledge is integrated from various scientific disciplines, do not meet the requirements of the solution of complex didactic problems, such as organization of the educational process in the information and educational environment, the construction of education for sustainable development of society, education in modern geopolitical conditions, etc. Thus, the importance of interdisciplinary research with a single subject matter, complementarity of research methods, integrated theoretical grounds and results, will make the contribution to all those scientific fields that are involved in assigned task solution. The aim of the article is to present intermediate results on identification and characteristic features of interdisciplinary studies in the field of education. Methodology and research methods. General scientific theoretical methods of research were used: analysis, comparison, fact-finding, generalization. Results and scientific novelty. An attempt to differentiate the concepts of interdisciplinarity, polydisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity is made. In spite of the fact that these issues are actively discussed in the field of philosophy, there are no precise and unambiguous definitions of these terms; though, there is a research framework, the author of the article makes reference to. The features of an interdisciplinary study are formulated.The functions of didactics as a scientific field are specified. Updating of interdisciplinary studies in education, need of formation of their specific methodologies and expansion of the research field of didactics by means of other interdisciplinary studies and scientific directions are proved. Psycho-didactic and cognitivedidactic studies are considered. Cognitive didactics at the moment does not seem to claim the status of independent scientific discipline as predicted by revealed criteria of interdisciplinarity. It should, however, be noted that in future didactics and cognitive science will combine research efforts on the basis of understanding of common problems and will carry out an ontologization of new scientific reality – cognitive didactics. Realization of this strategic prospect will require not only integration of intellectual resources, but also attraction of organizational and administrative ones, as well as creation of scientific collaborations (associations). The received intermediate results demonstrate updating of cross-disciplinary researches in training, expansion of the research field of didactics at the expense of cross-disciplinary areas of scientific knowledge. Practical significance. Possibilities and scopes for implementation of interdisciplinary studies in the field of didactics, designing of methodologies will allow the experts to deal with current problems of the organization and implementation of education, therefore, to resolve the problems that can not be solved in monoand multidisciplinary studies. Введение. Для подавляющего большинства исследований в сфере образования характерны сближение и интеграция различных научных дисциплин. Этот факт объясняется тем, что для решения сложных дидактических проблем, таких как организация процесса обучения в информационно-образовательной среде, конструирование содержания образования и выбор дидактических средств в соответствии с психологическими изменениями нового подрастающего поколения в целях устойчивого развития общества в современных геополитических условиях и др., недостаточно ни моно-, ни даже полидисциплинарных изысканий, в которых ученые используют и интерпретируют знания из различных научных отраслей. Необходимы междисциплинарные исследования с единым предметом, взаимодополняемостью избранных методов, интегрированными теоретическими основаниями и результатами, которые внесут вклад во все науки, чей арсенал был задействован для решения поставленных задач. Цель публикации – представить промежуточные итоги работы по выявлению и характеристике особенностей междисциплинарных исследований в области образования. Методология и методики исследования. Авторами применялись общенаучные теоретические методы исследования: анализ, сопоставление, установление причинно-следственных связей и обобщение. Результаты и научная новизна. Предпринята попытка разграничить понятия междисциплинарности, полидисциплинарности и трансдисциплинарности. Несмотря на то, что эти вопросы активно обсуждаются в области философии, четких и однозначных дефиниций данных терминов пока не существует, хотя имеются некоторые ориентиры, на которые опирается автор статьи. Сформулированы признаки междисциплинарного исследования. Уточнены функции дидактики как науки. Обоснованы актуализация междисциплинарных исследований в сфере образования, необходимость формирования их специфического методологического аппарата и расширение исследовательского поля дидактики за счет других смежных наук и научных направлений. В качестве примера рассматриваются психодидактические и когнитивно-дидактические исследования. Исходя из выведенных критериев междисциплинарности, сделан вывод о том, что когнитивная дидактика на данный момент не может претендовать на статус самостоятельной научной дисциплины. Однако выдвинуто предположение, что в дальнейшем дидактика и когнитивистика объединят исследовательские усилия на основе понимания общих проблем и осуществят онтологизацию новой научной реальности – когнитивную дидактику. Для реализации этой стратегической перспективы потребуется не только соединение интеллектуальных, но и привлечение орга- низационных и управленческих ресурсов, вплоть до создания научных колла-бораций (объединений). Практическая значимость. Обозначение возможностей и границ применимости междисциплинарных исследований в области дидактики, создание их методологического аппарата позволят специалистам, занимающимся актуальными проблемами организации и осуществления обучения, справляться с многоаспектными, сложными задачами, которые не поддаются решению при моно- и полидисциплинарном подходах.

КЛІНІЧНА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ФІТОКОМПЛЕКСНОЇ ТЕРАПІЇ ПРИ ПОРУШЕННЯХ РИТМУ СЕРЦЯ У ВАГІТНИХ ІЗ МЕТАБОЛІЧНИМ СИНДРОМОМ

За даними наукових спостережень порушення ритму серця виявляють у 15–18 % вагітних, при цьому в 40–46 % випадків діагностують саме функціональні аритмії. Метою дослідження стало визначення клінічної ефективності застосування фітокомплексної терапії у вагітних із метаболічним синдромом та надшлуночковою екстрасистолією. Для діагностики захворювань використовували критерії, затверджені ВООЗдля вагітних жінок, та результати добового моніторування ЕКГ за Холтером. Виявлено, що надшлуночкова екстрасистолія у вагітних із метаболічним синдромом частіше виникає на тлі хронічної інфекції верхніх дихальних шляхів та тиреотоксикозу. Порушення серцевого ритму можуть посилювати клінічні прояви загрози переривання вагітності та дисфункцію плаценти ззатримкою внутрішньоутробного розвитку плода. Запропонована фітокомплексна терапія ефективно нормалізує серцевий ритм у вагітних та може стати альтернативою антиаритмічним кардіологічним засобам. Також враховуючи різновекторність метаболічних ефектів зазначеної фітотерапії, застосовування її у вагітних з метаболічним синдромом може сприяти й вирішенню проблеми поліпрагмазії

Post-Pandemic Education: Falling or Preparing for a Jump?

Abstract. Relevance. The article provides an overview and analysis of the consequences of changes in the global educational space during the period of action of measures to counter the spread of the new COVID-19 coronavirus infection.The aim of the work was to understand the current state and identify possible trajectories of developmentof educational systems in the “post-pandemic” era. Research methodology and methods. The main methods used in the preparation of the work were methods of analysis and synthesis. The review and understanding of various standpoints on the educational organizations functioning in the situation of emergency introduction of quarantine measures and the uncertainty of their consequences allowed us to summarize the main challenges facing the education system today. The forecasting method was used to systematize the capabilities of universities in overcoming crisis phenomena and determine the strengths that can be used as the basis for the transformation of University management.Results. The analysis of the trajectories of the prospective organization of the educational process at the University of “post-pandemic” time is carried out. The article highlights the main ways of the educational system adaptation to work in the conditions of an unpredictable crisis consequences and presents the authors’ vision of the future of higher education in Russia, which is inextricably linked with the country’s attractiveness in the global educational space.Scientific novelty. The authors systematize the impact of the pandemic on various sectors of the economy, including the education sector. The results of the analysis of the practical experience of educational systems in  the new conditions are presented. Scenarios of educational organizations development in an unfavorable dynamic uncertain environment are shown.Practical significance. The results obtained will be useful in adjusting University management systems and developing strategies for universities to overcome the crisis caused by COVID-19 and its consequences

SCREENING OF RICE ACCESSIONS FOR GREENBUG RESISTANCE

During recent years the harmfulness of greenbug for rice crops has significantly increased. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study insect resistance of 200 accessions from the collection of the Donskoy Agrarian Scientific Center. The overwhelming majority of the studied forms were heterogeneous in their resistance. Twelve forms (5.5%) with the resistance score 2.2-3.0 were identified. The accessions NSH-1 (Hungary), ‘Musa Karem’ (Iran) and Zlatyi х Strelets (Russia) do not contain susceptible components and can be recommended as sources of aphid resistance for breeding rice varieties

Chronic Methamphetamine Administration Causes Differential Regulation of Transcription Factors in the Rat Midbrain

Methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive and neurotoxic psychostimulant widely abused in the USA and throughout the world. When administered in large doses, METH can cause depletion of striatal dopamine terminals, with preservation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Because alterations in the expression of transcription factors that regulate the development of dopaminergic neurons might be involved in protecting these neurons after toxic insults, we tested the possibility that their expression might be affected by toxic doses of METH in the adult brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with saline or increasing doses of METH were challenged with toxic doses of the drug and euthanized two weeks later. Animals that received toxic METH challenges showed decreases in dopamine levels and reductions in tyrosine hydroxylase protein concentration in the striatum. METH pretreatment protected against loss of striatal dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase. In contrast, METH challenges caused decreases in dopamine transporters in both saline- and METH-pretreated animals. Interestingly, METH challenges elicited increases in dopamine transporter mRNA levels in the midbrain in the presence but not in the absence of METH pretreatment. Moreover, toxic METH doses caused decreases in the expression of the dopamine developmental factors, Shh, Lmx1b, and Nurr1, but not in the levels of Otx2 and Pitx3, in saline-pretreated rats. METH pretreatment followed by METH challenges also decreased Nurr1 but increased Otx2 and Pitx3 expression in the midbrain. These findings suggest that, in adult animals, toxic doses of METH can differentially influence the expression of transcription factors involved in the developmental regulation of dopamine neurons. The combined increases in Otx2 and Pitx3 expression after METH preconditioning might represent, in part, some of the mechanisms that served to protect against METH-induced striatal dopamine depletion observed after METH preconditioning

Visual Laterality of Calf–Mother Interactions in Wild Whales

Behavioral laterality is known for a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Laterality in social interactions has been described for a wide range of species including humans. Although evidence and theoretical predictions indicate that in social species the degree of population level laterality is greater than in solitary ones, the origin of these unilateral biases is not fully understood. It is especially poorly studied in the wild animals. Little is known about the role, which laterality in social interactions plays in natural populations. A number of brain characteristics make cetaceans most suitable for investigation of lateralization in social contacts.) in the greatest breeding aggregation in the White Sea. Here we show that young calves (in 29 individually identified and in over a hundred of individually not recognized mother-calf pairs) swim and rest significantly longer on a mother's right side. Further observations along with the data from other cetaceans indicate that found laterality is a result of the calves' preference to observe their mothers with the left eye, i.e., to analyze the information on a socially significant object in the right brain hemisphere.Data from our and previous work on cetacean laterality suggest that basic brain lateralizations are expressed in the same way in cetaceans and other vertebrates. While the information on social partners and novel objects is analyzed in the right brain hemisphere, the control of feeding behavior is performed by the left brain hemisphere. Continuous unilateral visual contacts of calves to mothers with the left eye may influence social development of the young by activation of the contralateral (right) brain hemisphere, indicating a possible mechanism on how behavioral lateralization may influence species life and welfare. This hypothesis is supported by evidence from other vertebrates

Methamphetamine-Induced Dopamine-Independent Alterations in Striatal Gene Expression in the 6-Hydroxydopamine Hemiparkinsonian Rats

Unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle are used extensively as a model of Parkinson's disease. The present experiments sought to identify genes that were affected in the dopamine (DA)–denervated striatum after 6-hydroxydopamine-induced destruction of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway in the rat. We also examined whether a single injection of methamphetamine (METH) (2.5 mg/kg) known to cause changes in gene expression in the normally DA-innervated striatum could still influence striatal gene expression in the absence of DA. Unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle resulted in METH-induced rotational behaviors ipsilateral to the lesioned side and total striatal DA depletion on the lesioned side. This injection also caused decrease in striatal serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels. DA depletion was associated with increases in 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios that were potentiated by the METH injection. Microarray analyses revealed changes (± 1.7-fold, p<0.025) in the expression of 67 genes on the lesioned side in comparison to the intact side of the saline-treated hemiparkinsonian animals. These include follistatin, neuromedin U, and tachykinin 2 which were up-regulated. METH administration caused increases in the expression of c-fos, Egr1, and Nor-1 on the intact side. On the DA-depleted side, METH administration also increased the expression of 61 genes including Pdgf-d and Cox-2. There were METH-induced changes in 16 genes that were common in the DA-innervated and DA-depleted sides. These include c-fos and Nor-1 which show greater changes on the normal DA side. Thus, the present study documents, for the first time, that METH mediated DA-independent changes in the levels of transcripts of several genes in the DA-denervated striatum. Our results also implicate 5-HT as a potential player in these METH-induced alterations in gene expression because the METH injection also caused significant increases in 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios on the DA-depleted side

Современные аспекты поражения центральной нервной системы у больных ВИЧ-инфекцией (обзор литературы)

The literature review highlights modern ideas about the pathogenesis, pathomorphology, and clinical manifestations of central nervous system damage in patients with HIV infection, and also touches on the problems of diagnosis and treatment of these opportunistic infections. Particular attention should be paid to patients with severe immunodeficiency (CD4+T-lymphocyte count &lt; 200 cl/ml) due to the high risk of secondary diseases of the central nervous system. Along with the etiological verification of opportunistic diseases of the central nervous system, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is important at the initial stage of diagnosis, with the help of which it is possible to identify changes in the brain substance characteristic of certain pathogens. In addition to the basic etiotropic therapy of opportunistic infections in HIV patients, effective antiretroviral therapy and its index of penetration into the central nervous system play a crucial role.В обзоре литературы освещаются современные представления о патогенезе, патоморфологии, клинических проявлениях поражения центральной нервной системы у больных ВИЧ-инфекцией, а также затрагиваются проблемы диагностики и лечения данных оппортунистических инфекций. Особое внимание следует уделять пациентам с тяжелым иммунодефицитом (количество CD4+Т-лимфоцитов ≤ 200 кл/мкл) в связи с высоким риском развития вторичных заболеваний центральной нервной системы. Наряду с этиологической верификацией оппортунистических заболеваний центральной нервной системы, важное значение на начальном этапе диагностики имеет магнитно-резонансная томография головного мозга, с помощью которой можно выявить характерные для определенных возбудителей изменения в веществе головного мозга. Помимо базовой этиотропной терапии оппортунистических инфекций, у больных ВИЧ-инфекцией решающую роль играют эффективная антиретровирусная терапия и ее индекс проникновения в центральную нервную систему

Deficit of circulating stem – progenitor cells in opiate addiction: a pilot study

A substantial literature describes the capacity of all addictive drugs to slow cell growth and potentiate apoptosis. Flow cytometry was used as a means to compare two lineages of circulating progenitor cells in addicted patients. Buprenorphine treated opiate addicts were compared with medical patients. Peripheral venous blood CD34+ CD45+ double positive cells were counted as haemopoietic stem cells (HSC's), and CD34+ KDR+ (VEGFR2+) cells were taken as endothelial progenitor cells (EPC's). 10 opiate dependent patients with substance use disorder (SUD) and 11 non-addicted (N-SUD) were studied. The ages were (mean + S.D.) 36.2 + 8.6 and 56.4 + 18.6 respectively (P <0.01). HSC's were not different in the SUD (2.38 + 1.09 Vs. 3.40 + 4.56 cells/mcl). EPC's were however significantly lower in the SUD (0.09 + 0.14 Vs. 0.26 + 0.20 cells/mcl; No. > 0.15, OR = 0.09, 95% C.I. 0.01–0.97), a finding of some interest given the substantially older age of the N-SUD group. These laboratory data are thus consistent with clinical data suggesting accelerated ageing in addicted humans and implicate the important stem cell pool in both addiction toxicology and ageing. They carry important policy implications for understanding the fundamental toxicology of addiction, and suggest that the toxicity both of addiction itself and of indefinite agonist maintenance therapies may have been seriously underestimated