TARGETED SUB-COLLECTION OF POTATO CULTIVARS SPECIFIC TO LATE BLIGHT RESISTANCE

Background. The article presents the data obtained after the screening of potato cultivars for resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. The selected genotypes combine late blight resistance with other valuable commercial traits, such as high yield, high starch content, resistance to virus dis­eases and potato nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll.).Materials and methods. Potato accessions representing do­mestic and foreign cultivars from the VIR collection served as the material for this research. The screening was performed according to the techniques developed at the Potato Genetic Resources Department of VIR.Results and conclusion. The following true-breeding cultivars were identified for their re­sistance to Phytophthora infestans: ‘Ania’ (k-24063), ‘Baszta’ (k-24067), ‘Bobr’ (k-21103), ‘Dunajec’ (k-24074), ‘Klepa’ (k-24080), ‘Koga’ (k-24174), ‘Meduza’ (k-24082) and ’Mors’ (k-24083) from Poland; ‘Caprice’ (k-25193), ‘Certo’ (k-19440) and ‘Valetta’ (k-21769) from Germany; ‘Avrora’ (k-12188), ‘Bastion’ (k-25198), ‘Bryansky nadezhny’ (k-12160), ‘Vdokh­noveniye’ (k-12192), ‘Vektor’ (k-25200), ‘Velikan’ (k-25201), ‘Zvezdochka’ (к-25209), ‘Kalinka’ (k-25148), ‘Lukyanovsky’ (k-11750), ‘Musinsky’ (k-25312), ‘Nakra’ (k-11916), ‘Nikulin­sky’ (k-12171), ‘Prizer’ (k-25217), ‘Rapsodiya’ (k-25258), ‘Rossiyanka’ (k-12057), ‘Rucheyek’ (k-12213) and ‘Udacha’ (k-11900) from Russia; ‘Aktsent’ (k-12237), ‘Vetraz’ (k-11989), ‘Vytok’ (k-11897), ‘Zhuravinka’ (k-12106), ‘Kupalinka’ (k-12155), ‘Sintez’ (k-11666), ‘Suzorye’ (k-11992) from Be­larus; ‘Vikhola’ (k-11270), ‘Zarevo’ (k-10773), ‘Svitanok ki­evsky’ (k-11665), ‘Olviya’ (k-25094), ‘Rakurs’ (k-25098) from Ukraine; ‘Aytmurat’ (k-25248), ‘Berkut’ (k-25250), ‘Zholbarys’ (k-25155), ‘Nur-Alem’ (k-25253), ‘Senim’ (k-25306), ‘Sey­anets Lapteva’ (k-25161), ‘Sunkar’ (k-25258), ‘Tamyz’ (k-25307) and ‘Udovitsky’ (k-25260) from Kazakhstan; etc. High percentage of plantlets resistant to late blight was ob­served among self-pollination progenies of cvs. ‘Avrora’ (k-12188), ‘Astra’ (k-10697), ‘Vikhola’ (k-11270), ‘Zhuravinka’ (k-12106), ‘Nayada’ (k-12157), ‘Rosinka’ (k-11993), ‘Skarb’ (k-11904), ‘Bobr‘ (k-21103) and ‘Clarissa’ (k-21770). There were cultivars combining late blight resistance with such traits as resistance to potato nematode (Globodera rosto­chiensis Woll.) and viruses, high productivity, and increased starch content: ‘Zhuravinka’, ‘Ania’, ‘Baszta’, ‘Bobr’, ‘Certo’ and ‘Mors’. The selected genotypes are recommended as promis­ing to be included in potato breeding programs

The collection of potato cultivars as a source for breeding for high yield, earliness, and resistance to late blight, virus diseases and Globodera rostochiensis Woll

Background. The article presents information on the results of screening potato cultivars for major commercial traits: earliness, high yield, high starch content, resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary), virus diseases and potato nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll. (Ro1)). Materials and methods. VIR’s collection of domestic and foreign potato cultivars served as the material for this research. The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines developed at the Potato Genetic Resources Department of VIR. Results and conclusion. The analysis of pedigrees helped to select source material for the main trends of domestic potato breeding. Data of a number of cultivars identified by analyzing progenies from self-pollination are presented in the paper. Potential sources of major commercial traits were found: cvs. ‘Banba’ (k-25222), ‘Bastion’ (k-25198), ‘Belukha’ (k-25146), ‘Charoit’ (k-25221), ‘Colleen’ (k-25224), ‘Gala’ (k-25270), ‘Geyzer’ (k-25266), ‘Gornyak’ (k-25311), ‘Larets’ (k-25211), ‘Leoni’ (k-25244), ‘Manifest’ (k-25265), ‘Meteor’ (k-25212), ‘Nur-Alem’ (k-25253), ‘Prizer’ (k-25217), etc. were identified as high yield sources; cvs. ‘Aktyubinskiy-2’ (k-25300), ‘Alaya roza’ (k-25144), ‘Charaўnik’ (k-25139), ‘Darnitsa’ (k-25179), ‘Lad’ (k-25180), ‘Levada’ (k-25121), ‘Maksimum’ (k-25136), ‘Palitra’ (k-25123), ‘Tamyz’ (k-25307), ‘Universal’ (k-25137), ‘Vektor’ (k-25200), ‘Vytok’ (k-11897), ‘Zarevo’ (k-10773) and ‘Zholbarys’ (k-25155) as sources of high starch content; cvs. ‘Aral’ (k-25107), ‘Aymurat’ (k-25248), ‘Bastion’ (k-25198), ‘Berkut’ (k-25250), ‘Gastsinets’ (k-25264), ‘Musinskiy’ (k-25312), ‘Nur-Alem’ (k-25253), ‘Rapsodiya’ (k-25130), ‘Senim’ (k-25306), ‘Sunkar’ (k-25258), ‘Tamyz’ (k-25307), ‘Udovitskiy’ (k-25260), ‘Vektor’ (k-25200), ‘Velikan’ (k-25201), ‘Zholbarys’ (k-25155) and ‘Zvezdochka’ (k-25209) as sources of late blight resistance; cvs. ‘Adil’ (k-25112), ‘Azart’ (k-25196), ‘Bastion’ (k-25198), ‘Charoit’ (k-25221), ‘Favorit’ (k-25132), ‘Gastsinets’ (k-25264), ‘Geyzer’ (k-25266), ‘Krasavchik’ (k-25210), ‘Maksimum’ (k-25136), ‘Malyshok’ (k-25189), ‘Manifest’ (k-25265), ‘Nadezhda’ (k-25213), ‘Nur-Alem’ (k-25253), ‘Pamyati Lorkha’ (k-25214), ‘Rapsodiya’ (k-25130), ‘Senim’ (k-25306), ‘Sirenevyy tuman’ (k-25143), ‘Sultan’ (k-25131), ‘Shchedrik’ (k-25126), ‘Tekes’ (k-25173), ‘Velikan’ (k-25201), ‘Volat’ (k-25263), ‘Zhemchuzhina’ (k-25128), etc. as sources of field resistance to virus diseases. Cultivars combining resistance to potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll. (Ro1)) with other valuable commercial traits were also identified

Improving educational process quality in the lessons of natural and mathematical cycle by means of stem-training

Today, the educational process is focused on the development of personal characteristics that meet the requirements of a modern educated person. In this regard, the task of educational institutions is to adopt the educational process to today’s realities. To achieve this goal, STEM education is implemente

The minimal compound-complex sentence hierarchy

This article deals with the problem of the study of the subsystem of such type of the Multiple Compound-Complex Sentence as a minimal compound-complex sentence. The authors analyze the formal structure of the multiple compoundcomplex sentences and try to build up the structural models hierarchy of Minimal Compound-Complex SentenceyesBelgorod State Universit

The collection of potato varieties as a reserve of source material for breeding for high yield, earliness, and resistance to diseases and pests

Background. Information is provided about the results obtained by screening the VIR collection of improved potato varieties for main commercial traits: earliness, high yield, high starch content, and resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary), viruses, and pests, such as cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll. (Ro1)), and Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say).Materials and methods. Potato accessions representing domestic and foreign varieties from the VIR collection served as the material for this research. The screening was performed according to the techniques developed at the Potato Genetic Resources Department of VIR.Results and conclusion. Potato varieties with valuable commercial traits were identified as breeding sources promising for earliness: ‘Bashkirskiy’ (k-25338), ‘Charoit’ (k-25221), ‘Colleen’ (k-25224), ‘Lagun’ (k-25294), etc.; for high yield: ‘Ametist’ (k-25336), ‘Banba’ (k-25222), ‘Bastion’ (k-25198), ‘Nur-Alem’ (k-25253), ‘Senim’ (k-25306), etc.; for high starch content: ‘Charaўnik’ (k-25139), ‘Darnitsa’ (k-25179), ‘Lad’ (k-25180), ‘Maksimum’ (k-25136), etc.; for resistance to late blight: local variety (Georgia) (k-25298, k-25326), ‘Sunkar’ (k-25258), ‘Udovitskiy’ (k-25260), ‘Vektor’ (k-25200), ‘Zvezdochka’ (k-25209); for resistance to viruses: ‘Azart’ (k-25196), Gala (k-25270), ‘Nadezhda’ (k-25213), Utro (k-25219), ‘Volat’ (k-25263), etc. Varieties combining resistance to gold potato cyst nematode with other valuable commercial traits were selected. Varieties with relative resistance to Colorado potato beetle were isolated under favorable conditions for the pest’s development. As a result of the research, new source material was identified, with a potential to improve major commercial traits of potato: earliness, high yield, high starch content, resistance to late blight, viruses, and pests (cyst nematode and Colorado beetle)

Experimental studies of energy characteristics of mixer with deformable camera

Currently the development of new machine designs and methods of their engineering calculation is one of the most priority areas of construction industry. It allows one to carry out research at the stage of theoretical calculations in order to predict the expected result. One of the promising constructive solutions for economic profitability increase of mixing equipment is the use of deformable working chamber

A comparison of the two approaches of the theory of critical distances based on linear-elastic and elasto-plastic analyses

The problem of determining the strength of engineering structures, considering the effects of the non-local fracture in the area of stress concentrators is a great scientific and industrial interest. This work is aimed on modification of the classical theory of critical distance that is known as a method of failure prediction based on linear-elastic analysis in case of elasto-plastic material behaviour to improve the accuracy of estimation of lifetime of notched components. Accounting plasticity has been implemented with the use of the Simplified Johnson-Cook model. Mechanical tests were carried out using a 300 kN electromechanical testing machine Shimadzu AG-X Plus. The cylindrical un-notched specimens and specimens with stress concentrators of titanium alloy Grade2 were tested under tensile loading with different grippers travel speed, which ensured several orders of strain rate. The results of elasto-plastic analyses of stress distributions near a wide variety of notches are presented. The results showed that the use of the modification of the TCD based on elasto-plastic analysis gives us estimates falling within an error interval of ±5-10%, that more accurate predictions than the linear elastic TCD solution. The use of an improved description of the stress-strain state at the notch tip allows introducing the critical distances as a material parameter

Radiobiological experiments with plant seeds aboard the biosatellite Cosmos 1887

The effects of spaceflight factors on the seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and Crepis capillaris were studied. The seeds were located inside the satellite in an open space, protected with aluminum foil and also exposed without the foil cover. When the seeds were in open space without any protection, their viability was found to be suppressed; the survival rate and fertility of plants grown from these seeds were also diminished. An increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations (CA) and in the number of multiple injuries was registered in this case. Experiments with the aluminum foil shielding showed a decrease in the suppression of the seeds' viability, but mutational changes were found to be even more increased, while the survival rate and fertility of the plants decreased. An increase in the thickness of shielding resulted in a decrease in the effects up to the level of the control, except for the effects connected with CA and fertility of the plants. Analysis of the results shows that these impairments can be ascribed to the action of single heavy charged particles (HCP). The seeds can thus be regarded as an integral biological 'dosimeter' which allows estimation of the total effects of radiation, ecological and biological factors

MARKER-ASSOCIATED SELECTION OF RUSSIAN POTATO VARIETIES WITH USING MARKERS OF RESISTANCE GENES TO THE GOLDEN POTATO CYST NEMATODE (PATHOTYPE RO1)

The results of molecular screening of 103 Russian breeding varieties from the VIR potato collection are presented. These varieties were studied for the presence of diagnostic markers associated with the HI and Grol-4 genes conferring resistance to the golden potato cyst nematode - Globodera rostochiensis (Woll.) Behr. - pathotype Ro1. 25 varieties possessed the diagnostic markers of these genes. Among the nematode-resistant varieties, the frequency of genotypes with the diagnostic fragments of 57R and N195 markers of the Hl locus was 98%, and of marker Gro1-4-1 of the Grol-4 gene - 2%

Finding RB/Rpi-blb1/Rpi-sto1-like sequences in conventionally bred potato varieties

The main objectives in potato breeding are increasing yield abilities and improving resistance to numerous pathogens and pests. Among them, the late blight caused by the Phytophthora infestans oomycete is one of the most destructive potato diseases both in Russia and worldwide. Wild relatives of cultivated potato are traditionally used in breeding as the source of valuable R genes conferring resistance to pathogens. Of particular interest are Mexican wild species because Mexico is the centre of origin and diversity of P. infestans and at the same time, it is the centre of potato species diversity.  Mexican wild potato species S. bulbocastanum and S. stoloniferum are an important source of the R genes conferring broad-spec trum resistance against various isolates of P. infestans (Rpi-blb1,  Rpi-blb2, Rpi-sto1). Recently these genes have been transferred into cultivated potato gene pool using the cisgene  approach. At the same time there is a high probability of finding geno types with the Rpi-sto1 gene (functional homologues of  Rpi-blb1) among conventionally bred varieties because for about 40 years S. stoloniferum has been used in breeding as a source of the Rysto and Ry-fsto genes of the extreme resistance to the most important viral pathogen PVY. In this study 188 potato varieties bred in Russia and in near-abroad countries were screened for the presence of six gene-specific markers of the RB/Rpi-blb1 =  Rpi-sto1 and Rpi-blb2 genes conferring broad-spectrum resistance against P. infestans, and for the markers linked to the Rysto and Ry-fsto genes conferring extreme resistance to PVY. In addition, a marker for detecting male sterile mitochondrial DNA type gamma derived from S. stoloniferum was used. The genotypes selected through the molecular markers were divided into four groups: (A) 13 PVY resistant varieties carrying diagnostic markers of the Rysto, Ry-fsto genes and having sterile mt-type gamma; (B) four varieties possessing mt-type gamma and not having the markers of the R genes introgressed from S. stoloniferum; (C) eight genotypes carrying five gene-specific markers for the RB/Rpi-blb1/= Rpi-sto1; (D) the rest 166 (86.9 %) varieties not possessing any of the diagnostic markers associated with the S. stoloniferum genetic material. The sequences of the Rpi-sto1- and BLB1 F/R-amplicons were identical in all the genotypes of group ‘C’ and showed respective 99 % and 100 % similarity to the corresponding fragments of the Rpi-sto1 and Rpi-blb1 genes from the GenBank database. Among the genotypes of group ‘C’ various mt-types were detected, and some of them were male fertile