Local and nonlocal parallel heat transport in general magnetic fields

A novel approach that enables the study of parallel transport in magnetized plasmas is presented. The method applies to general magnetic fields with local or nonlocal parallel closures. Temperature flattening in magnetic islands is accurately computed. For a wave number $k$, the fattening time scales as $\chi_{\parallel} \tau \sim k^{-\alpha}$ where $\chi$ is the parallel diffusivity, and $\alpha=1$ ($\alpha=2$) for non-local (local) transport. The fractal structure of the devil staircase temperature radial profile in weakly chaotic fields is resolved. In fully chaotic fields, the temperature exhibits self-similar evolution of the form $T=(\chi_{\parallel} t)^{-\gamma/2} L \left[ (\chi_{\parallel} t)^{-\gamma/2} \delta \psi \right]$, where $\delta \psi$ is a radial coordinate. In the local case, $f$ is Gaussian and the scaling is sub-diffusive, $\gamma=1/2$. In the non-local case, $f$ decays algebraically, $L (\eta) \sim \eta^{-3}$, and the scaling is diffusive, $\gamma=1$

Condensation of degrees emerging through a first-order phase transition in classical random graphs

Due to their conceptual and mathematical simplicity, Erd\"os-R\'enyi or classical random graphs remain as a fundamental paradigm to model complex interacting systems in several areas. Although condensation phenomena have been widely considered in complex network theory, the condensation of degrees has hitherto eluded a careful study. Here we show that the degree statistics of the classical random graph model undergoes a first-order phase transition between a Poisson-like distribution and a condensed phase, the latter characterized by a large fraction of nodes having degrees in a limited sector of their configuration space. The mechanism underlying the first-order transition is discussed in light of standard concepts in statistical physics. We uncover the phase diagram characterizing the ensemble space of the model and we evaluate the rate function governing the probability to observe a condensed state, which shows that condensation of degrees is a rare statistical event akin to similar condensation phenomena recently observed in several other systems. Monte Carlo simulations confirm the exactness of our theoretical results.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure

Level compressibility for the Anderson model on regular random graphs and the eigenvalue statistics in the extended phase

We calculate the level compressibility $\chi(W,L)$ of the energy levels inside $[-L/2,L/2]$ for the Anderson model on infinitely large random regular graphs with on-site potentials distributed uniformly in $[-W/2,W/2]$. We show that $\chi(W,L)$ approaches the limit $\lim_{L \rightarrow 0^+} \chi(W,L) = 0$ for a broad interval of the disorder strength $W$ within the extended phase, including the region of $W$ close to the critical point for the Anderson transition. These results strongly suggest that the energy levels follow the Wigner-Dyson statistics in the extended phase, consistent with earlier analytical predictions for the Anderson model on an Erd\"os-R\'enyi random graph. Our results are obtained from the accurate numerical solution of an exact set of equations valid for infinitely large regular random graphs.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure

Analyzing the Mass-Rearing System of the California Red Scale Parasitoid Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

Results from studies to improve mass rearing production of the parasitoid Aphytis melinus De Bach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are presented. Parasitoid production was carried out following standard commercial procedures using an alternative host, Aspidiotus nerii Bouché (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), infesting Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne) (Cucurbitaceae), butternut squash. We found that the initial number of A. melinus adults introduced into rearing cages to start production and the scale/parasitoid ratio in those cages profoundly influenced future parasitoid production. We also observed that scale parasitism was positively correlated with the production of parasitoid adults, but this relationship was negatively correlated if > 2.6 parasitoids per d, per cm2, were used in the cages to start parasitism. Supplemental honey (provided on the squash surface) had no clear impact on parasitoid production or survival, but improved host parasitism. Approximately 47% of the host scale population on squash was parasitized, with another 43.1% of the population recorded as dead. We found that ≤ 10 host scales per cm2 on squash was an adequate density for mass production purposes

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks from Daimao Seamount (South China Sea) and their tectonic implications

The South China Sea (SCS) experienced three episodes of seafloor spreading and left three fossil spreading centers presently located at 18°N, 17°N and 15.5°N. Spreading ceased at these three locations during magnetic anomaly 10, 8, and 5c, respectively. Daimao Seamount (16.6. Ma) was formed 10. my after the cessation of the 17°N spreading center. Volcaniclastic rocks and shallow-water carbonate facies near the summit of Daimao Seamount provide key information on the seamount's geologic history. New major and trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of basaltic breccia clasts in the volcaniclastics suggest that Daimao and other SCS seamounts have typical ocean island basalt-like composition and possess a 'Dupal' isotopic signature. Our new analyses, combined with available data, indicate that the basaltic foundation of Daimao Seamount was formed through subaqueous explosive volcanic eruptions at 16.6. Ma. The seamount subsided rapidly (>. 0.12. mm/y) at first, allowing the deposition of shallow-water, coral-bearing carbonates around its summit and, then, at a slower rate (<. 0.12. mm/y). We propose that the parental magmas of SCS seamount lavas originated from the Hainan mantle plume. In contrast, lavas from contemporaneous seamounts in other marginal basins in the western Pacific are subduction-related

Local and Regional Food Aid Procurement: An Assessment of Experience in Africa and Elements of Good Donor Practice

This Policy Synthesis is a summary of a longer report that discusses the procurement of food aid within the country or region where it is needed. Referred to as local and regional procurement – LRP – this practice has become a major element in multilateral food aid response over the past decade1. The paper examines the relevance and the rationale for using LRP, reviews the efficiency of World Food Program (WFP) LRP activities in Africa relative to inkind food aid and to prices in the markets in which it occurs, and proposes a classification of risks in LRP. It then discusses a range of potential LRP modalities, and proposes a framework of guiding principles, information systems, and operational procedures for responsible and effective LRP. Finally, the paper briefly discusses the implications of this research for expansion of U.S. government (USG) authority to engage in LRP.Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management,