A miniature world in decline: European Red List of Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts

AimThis Red List is a summary of the conservation status of the European species of mosses, liverworts and hornworts, collectively known as bryophytes, evaluated according to IUCN’s Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Level. It provides the first comprehensive, region-wide assessment of bryophytes and it identifies those species that are threatened with extinction at a European level, so that appropriate policy measures and conservation actions, based on the best available evidence, can be taken to improve their status.ScopeAll bryophytes native to or naturalised in Europe (a total of 1,817 species), have been included in this Red List. In Europe, 1,796 species were assessed, with the remaining 21 species considered Not Applicable (NA). For the EU 28, 1,728 species were assessed, with a remaining 20 species considered NA and 69 species considered Not Evaluated (NE). The geographical scope is continentwide, extending from Iceland in the west to the Urals in the east, and from Franz Josef Land in the north to theCanary Islands in the south. The Caucasus region is not included. Red List assessments were made at two regional levels: for geographical Europe and for the 28 Member States of the European Union.ResultsOverall, 22.5% of European bryophyte species assessed in this study are considered threatened in Europe, with two species classified as Extinct and six assessed as Regionally Extinct (RE). A further 9.6% (173 species) are considered Near Threatened and 63.5% (1,140 species) are assessed as Least Concern. For 93 species (5.3%), there was insufficient information available to be able to evaluate their risk of extinction and thus they were classified as Data Deficient (DD). The main threats identified were natural system modifications (i.e., dam construction, increases in fire frequency/intensity, and water management/use), climate change (mainly increasing frequency of droughts and temperature extremes), agriculture (including pollution from agricultural effluents) and aquaculture.RecommendationsPolicy measures• Use the European Red List as the scientific basis to inform regional/national lists of rare and threatened species and to identify priorities for conservation action in addition to the requirements of the Habitats Directive, thereby highlighting the conservation status of bryophytes at the regional/local level.• Use the European Red List to support the integration of conservation policy with the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and other national and international policies. For example, CAP Strategic Plans should include biodiversity recovery commitments that could anticipate, among others, the creation of Important Bryophyte Areas. An increased involvement of national environmental agencies in the preparation of these strategic plans, and more broadly in ongoing discussions on the Future CAP Green Architecture, would likely also ensure the design of conservation measures better tailored to conserve bryophytes in agricultural landscapes.• Update the European Red List every decade to ensure that the data remains current and relevant.• Develop Key Biodiversity Areas for bryophytes in Europe with a view to ensuring adequate site-based protection for bryophytes.Research and monitoring• Use the European Red List as a basis for future targeted fieldwork on possibly extinct and understudied species.• Establish a monitoring programme for targeted species (for example, threatened species and/or arable bryophytes).• Use the European Red List to obtain funding for research into the biology and ecology of key targeted species.Action on the ground• Use the European Red List as evidence to support multi-scale conservation initiatives, including designation of protected areas, reform of agricultural practices and land management, habitat restoration and rewilding, and pollution reduction measures.• Use the European Red List as a tool to target species that would benefit the most from the widespread implementation of the solutions offered by the 1991 Nitrates Directive (Council Directive 91/676/EEC), including the application of correct amounts of nutrients for each crop, only in periods of crop growth under suitable climatic conditions and never during periods of heavy rainfall or on frozen ground, and the creation of buffer zones to protect waters from run-off from the application of fertilizers.Ex situ conservation• Undertake ex situ conservation of species of conservation concern in botanic gardens and spore and gene banks, with a view to reintroduction where appropriate.</p

New national and regional bryophyte records, 46

Fil: Ellis, L.T.. Natural History Museum; Reino UnidoFil: Asthana, A.K.. Csir-national Botanical Research Institute; IndiaFil: Srivastava, P.. Csir-national Botanical Research Institute; IndiaFil: Omar, I.. Csir-national Botanical Research Institute; IndiaFil: Rawat, K.K.. Csir-national Botanical Research Institute; IndiaFil: Sahu, V.. Csir-national Botanical Research Institute; IndiaFil: Cano, M.J.. Universidad de Murcia; EspañaFil: Costa, D.P.. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico Do Rio de Janerio;Fil: Dias, E.M.. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Brasil. Estadual University Of Paraíba;Fil: Dias dos Santos, N.. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Brasil. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Silva, J.B.. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Fedosov, V.E.. Lomonosov Moscow State University;Fil: Kozhin, M.N.. Lomonosov Moscow State University;Fil: Ignatova, E.A.. Lomonosov Moscow State University;Fil: Germano, S.R.. Estadual University Of Paraíba;Fil: Golovina, E.O.. Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy Of Sciences;Fil: Gremmen, N.J.M.. Diever; Países BajosFil: Ion, R.. Academia Romana, Institutul de Biologie Bucuresti;Fil: Ştefǎnuţ, S.. Academia Romana, Institutul de Biologie Bucuresti;Fil: von Konrat, M.. Field Museum Of Natural History;Fil: Jimenez, Maria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Suarez, Guillermo Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Kiebacher, T.. Eidgenossische Forschungsanstalt Fur Wald, Schnee Und Landschaft Eth-bereichs;Fil: Lebouvier, M.. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Long, D.G.. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino UnidoFil: Maity, D.. University Of Calcutta; IndiaFil: Ochyra, R.. Polish Academy of Sciences; ArgentinaFil: Parnikoza, I.. Institute Of Molecular Biology And Genetics National Academy Of Sciences Of Ukraine;Fil: Plášek, V.. Ostravska Univerzita V Ostrave;Fil: Fialová, L.. Ostravska Univerzita V Ostrave;Fil: Skoupá, Z.. Ostravska Univerzita V Ostrave;Fil: Poponessi, S.. Universita Degli Di Camerino; ItaliaFil: Aleffi, M.. Universita Degli Di Camerino; ItaliaFil: Sabovljević, M.S.. University Of Belgrade; SerbiaFil: Sabovljević, A.D.. University Of Belgrade; SerbiaFil: Saha, P.. Ministry Of Environment &amp;Fil: Aziz, M.N.. Ministry Of Environment &amp;Fil: Sawicki, J.. Ostravska Univerzita V Ostrave; . Uniwersytet Warminsko-mazurski W Olsztynie;Fil: Suleiman, M.. Universiti Malaysia;Fil: Sun, B.-Y.. Chonbuk National University;Fil: Vá?a, J.. Charles University;Fil: Wójcik, T.. University Of Rzeszow;Fil: Yoon, Y.-J.. Korea Polar Research Institute;Fil: Żarnowiec, J.. University Of Bielsko-biala;Fil: Larraín, J.. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Chil

A miniature world in decline. European Red List of Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts

This publication has been prepared by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) as a deliverable of the LIFE European Red Lists project (LIFE14 PRE BE 001). A miniature world in decline: The European Red List of Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts is, therefore, a part of a series of publications released since 2015, when the project began, that also include: • European Red List of Lycopods and Ferns, 2017 • European Red List of Saproxylic Beetles, 2018 • European Red list of Terrestrial Molluscs: slugs, snails, and semi-slugs, 2019 • European Red list of Trees, 2019 • European Red list of Selected Endemic Shrubs, 2019 Based on other European Red List assessments, 59% of freshwater molluscs, 40% of freshwater fishes, 28% of grasshoppers, crickets and bush-crickets, 23% of amphibians, 20% of reptiles, 20% of ferns and lycopods, 17% of mammals, 16% of dragonflies, 13% of birds, 9% of butterflies and bees, 8% of aquatic plants and 2% of medicinal plants are threatened at the European level (Allen et al., 2014; IUCN, 2015; Hochkirch et al., 2016; García Criado et al., 2017). Additional European Red Lists assessing a selection of species showed that 22% of terrestrial molluscs, 16% of crop wild relatives and 18% of saproxylic beetles are also threatened (Cuttelod et al., 2011; Bilz et al., 2011; Cálix et al., 2018). The findings of this work suggest that 23% of bryophytes are threatened species in Europe, representing the fifth most threatened group of plants assessed so far

A miniature world in decline European Red List of Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts

The European Red List is a review of the status of European species according to IUCN regional Red Listing guidelines. It identifies those species that are threatened with extinction at the regional level – in order that appropriate conservation action can be taken to improve their status. This publication is a summary of the conservation status of the European species of mosses, liverworts and hornworts, collectively known as bryophytes. It provides the first comprehensive, region-wide assessment of bryophytes and it identifies those species that are threatened with extinction at a European level, so that appropriate policy measures and conservation actions, based on the best available evidence, can be taken to improve their status. The geographical scope is continentwide, extending from Iceland in the west to the Urals in the east, and from Franz Josef Land in the north to the Canary Islands in the south. The Caucasus region is not included

A miniature world in decline: European Red List of Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts

This publication has been prepared by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) as a deliverable of the LIFE European Red Lists project (LIFE14 PRE BE 001). A miniature world in decline: The European Red List of Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts is, therefore, a part of a series of publications released since 2015, when the project began, that also include: • European Red List of Lycopods and Ferns, 2017 • European Red List of Saproxylic Beetles, 2018 • European Red list of Terrestrial Molluscs: slugs, snails, and semi-slugs, 2019 • European Red list of Trees, 2019 • European Red list of Selected Endemic Shrubs, 2019 Based on other European Red List assessments, 59% of freshwater molluscs, 40% of freshwater fishes, 28% of grasshoppers, crickets and bush-crickets, 23% of amphibians, 20% of reptiles, 20% of ferns and lycopods, 17% of mammals, 16% of dragonflies, 13% of birds, 9% of butterflies and bees, 8% of aquatic plants and 2% of medicinal plants are threatened at the European level (Allen et al., 2014; IUCN, 2015; Hochkirch et al., 2016; García Criado et al., 2017). Additional European Red Lists assessing a selection of species showed that 22% of terrestrial molluscs, 16% of crop wild relatives and 18% of saproxylic beetles are also threatened (Cuttelod et al., 2011; Bilz et al., 2011; Cálix et al., 2018). The findings of this work suggest that 23% of bryophytes are threatened species in Europe, representing the fifth most threatened group of plants assessed so far