Running-Related Injury Incidence: Does It Correlate with Kinematic Sub-groups of Runners? A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Historically, kinematic measures have been compared across injured and non-injured groups of runners, failing to take into account variability in kinematic patterns that exist independent of injury, and resulting in false positives. Research led by gait patterns and not pre-defined injury status is called for, to better understand running-related injury (RRI) aetiology and within- and between-group variability. OBJECTIVES: Synthesise evidence for the existence of distinct kinematic sub-groups across a population of injured and healthy runners and assess between-group variability in kinematics, demographics and injury incidence. DATA SOURCES: Electronic database search: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Wiley), Embase, OVID, Scopus. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Original, peer-reviewed, research articles, published from database start to August 2022 and limited to English language were searched for quantitative and mixed-methods full-text studies that clustered injured runners according to kinematic variables. RESULTS: Five studies (n = 690) were included in the review. All studies detected the presence of distinct kinematic sub-groups of runners through cluster analysis. Sub-groups were defined by multiple differences in hip, knee and foot kinematics. Sex, step rate and running speed also varied significantly between groups. Random injury dispersal across sub-groups suggests no strong evidence for an association between kinematic sub-groups and injury type or location. CONCLUSION: Sub-groups containing homogeneous gait patterns exist across healthy and injured populations of runners. It is likely that a single injury may be represented by multiple movement patterns, and therefore kinematics may not predict injury risk. Research to better understand the underlying causes of kinematic variability, and their associations with RRI, is warranted

Description of Komagataeibacter melaceti sp. nov. and Komagataeibacter melomenusus sp. nov. isolated from apple cider vinegar

Two novel strains AV382 and AV436 were isolated from a submerged industrial bioreactor for production of apple cider vinegar in Kopivnik (Slovenia). Both strains showed very high (>= 98.2%) 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities withKomagataeibacterspecies, but lower 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The highest similarity of the 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS of AV382 was toKomagataeibacter kakiacetiLMG 26206(T)(91.6%), of AV436 toKomagataeibacter xylinusLMG 1515(T)(93.9%). The analysis of genome sequences confirmed that AV382 is the most closely related toK. kakiaceti(ANIb 88.2%) and AV436 toK. xylinus(ANIb 91.6%). Genome to genome distance calculations exhibit for both strains <= 47.3% similarity to all type strains of the genusKomagataeibacter. The strain AV382 can be differentiated from its closest relativesK. kakiacetiandKomagataeibacter saccharivoransby its ability to form 2-keto and 5-keto-D-gluconic acids from glucose, incapability to grow in the presence of 30% glucose, formation of C(19:0)cyclo omega 8c fatty acid and tolerance of up to 5% acetic acid in the presence of ethanol. The strain AV436 can be differentiated from its closest relativesK. xylinus,Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans,andKomagataeibacter nataicolaby its ability to form 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, growth on 1-propanol, efficient synthesis of cellulose, and tolerance to up to 5% acetic acid in the presence ethanol. The major fatty acid of both strains is C-18:1 omega 7c. Based on a combination of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic features, the strains AV382(T)and AV436(T)represent novel species of the genusKomagataeibacter, for which the namesKomagataeibactermelacetisp. nov. andKomagataeibacter melomenususare proposed, respectively. The type strain ofKomagataeibacter melacetiis AV382(T)(= ZIM B1054(T)= LMG 31303(T)= CCM 8958(T)) and ofKomagataeibacter melomenususAV436(T)(= ZIM B1056(T)= LMG 31304(T)= CCM 8959(T))

Linguistics

Contains reports on four research projects.National Institutes of Health (Grant MH-13390-01U. S. Air Force (Electronic Systems Division) under Contract AF 19(628)-248

A cultured strain of "Helicobacter heilmannii," a human gastric pathogen, identified as H. bizzozeronii: evidence for zoonotic potential of Helicobacter.

We compared the characteristics of a cultured human "Helicobacter heilmannii" isolate with those of other helicobacters found in animals. Phenotypic, protein profile, 16S rDNA sequence, and DNA-DNA hybridization analyses identified the human strain as H. bizzozeronii, a species frequently found in dogs. Thus, H. bizzozeronii may have zoonotic potential

Analytical expressions for the conductance noise measured with four circular contacts placed in a square array

In the ideal case, noise measurements with four contacts minimize the contribution of the contact interface. There is a need to characterize conductance noise and noise correction factors for the different geometries provided with four contacts, as already is the case for resistivity measurements with van der Pauw structures. Here, we calculate the noise correction factors for two geometries with a pair of sensors and a pair of current driver electrodes placed in a square array. The first geometry investigated is a very large film compared to the distance L between four circular electrodes, which are placed in a square array far away from the borders of the film. The second is a square-shaped conductive film with side length L and provided with four quarter-circle corner contacts with radius l. The effect of the conductance noise in the film can be observed between current free sensors in a four-point measurement or between current carrying drivers in a two-point measurement. Our analytical expressions are based on approximations to solve the integrals (J·)2dA and |J|4dA for the voltage noise measured across a pair of sensors, SVQ, and across the drivers, SVD, respectively. The first and second integrands represent the squared dot product of the current density and adjoint current density and the modulus of the current density to the fourth power, respectively. The current density J in the samples is due to the current I passing through the driver contacts. The calculated expressions are applicable to samples with thickness tl0.1L. Hence, the disturbances in the neighborhood of the sensors on J and of the drivers on are ignored. Noise correction factors for two- and four-point measurements are calculated for sensors on an equipotential (transversal noise) with the driver contacts on the diagonal of a square and for sensors next to each other on one side of the square with the drivers next to each other on the other side of the square (longitudinal noise). In all cases the noise between the sensors is smaller and less sensitive to the contact size 2l/L than the noise between the drivers. The ratio SVQ/SVD becomes smaller with smaller contact radius l. Smaller sensors give a better suppression of interface noise at the contacts. But overly low 2l/L values result in overly high resistance between the sensors and too strong a contribution of thermal noise at the sensors. Therefore, equations are derived to calculate the current level needed to observe 1/f conductance fluctuations on top of the thermal noise. The results from the calculated analytical expressions show good agreement with experimental results obtained from the noise in carbon sheet resistance and numerical results. Transversal noise measurements on a square sample with corner contacts are recommended to characterize the 1/f noise of the layer. This is due to the increased current densities in the sample compared to the open structure, which result in easier detection of the 1/f on top of the thermal noise. ©2007 American Institute of Physic

Novel <i>Campylobacter lari</i>-like bacteria from humans and molluscs: description of <i>Campylobacter peloridis</i> sp. nov., <i>Campylobacter lari</i> subsp. <i>concheus</i> subsp. nov. and <i>Campylobacter lari</i> subsp. <i>lari</i> subsp. nov.

A polyphasic study was undertaken to clarify the taxonomic position of Campylobacter lari-like strains isolated from shellfish and humans. The diversity within the strain collection was initially screened by means of fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and whole-cell protein electrophoresis, revealing the existence of two clusters distinct from C. lari and other Campylobacter species. The divergence of these clusters was confirmed by phenotypic analysis and by 16S rRNA and hsp60 gene sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis identified C. lari, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter insulaenigrae as the closest phylogenetic neighbours of both taxa. DNA–DNA hybridizations revealed that one cluster, comprising 10 strains, represented a novel Campylobacter species, for which the name Campylobacter peloridis sp. nov. is proposed, with 2314BVAT (=LMG 23910T =CCUG 55787T) as the type strain. The second cluster, comprising six strains, represents a novel subspecies within the species C. lari, for which the name Campylobacter lari subsp. concheus subsp. nov. is proposed, with 2897RT (=LMG 21009T =CCUG 55786T) as the type strain. The description of C. lari subsp. concheus has the effect of automatically creating the subspecies Campylobacter lari subsp. lari subsp. nov. (type strain LMG 8846T=NCTC 11352T)